Branching morphogenesis in the chicken lung occurs prior to the differentiation of airway smooth muscle. (A-E) Differentiation and ECM remodeling during branching morphogenesis were assessed by immunostaining HH25-HH33 lungs for cytokeratins (CK; cyan) to label the airway epithelium and mesothelium, and αSMA (magenta) to label airway smooth muscle. Changes in mesenchymal ECM composition were monitored by immunostaining for tenascin C (TNC; green). (F-J) Airway branches begin forming at HH25 and continue to extend through HH33. (K-O) Airway smooth muscle is not observed until HH33. (P-T) The mesenchyme around the tips of growing branches is enriched in TNC beginning at HH25. Scale bars: 150 μm in A-D,F-I,K-N,P-S; 300 μm in E,J,O,T.