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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2019 Jul 17;126:105784. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105784

Table 2.

Food insecurity (FI) transition and smoking cessation among older adults, HRSa 2012 and 2014b

Crude Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Demographics Demographics and
Socioeconomic
Status		 Demographics,
Socioeconomic Status
and Life Transitions
OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P
FI Transition 0.033 0.024 0.032 0.048
 Not FI Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Initially FI in 2012 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4)
 Became FI in 2014 2.0 (1.2, 3.4) 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) 2.0 (1.1, 3.4)
 Remained FI in 2014 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
Age, mean (95% CI) -- 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) 0.12 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) 0.14 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) 0.25
Gender 0.25 0.24 0.19
 Male Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Female -- 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
Race/ethnicity 0.45 0.28 0.23
 Non-Hispanic White Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Non-Hispanic Black -- 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 1.0 (0.7, 1.7)
 Other -- 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) 1.5 (0.9, 2.4)
Marital status 0.18 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 0.13 0.11
 Married Ref. Ref.
 Separated or divorced -- 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9)
 Widowed -- 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
 Single or never married -- 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
Educational attainmentc 0.09 0.07
 < High school Ref. Ref.
 High school degree or above -- -- 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) 1.5 (1.0, 2.2)
Income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) -- -- 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) 0.20 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) 0.18
Work status 0.62 0.76
 Do not work for income Ref. Ref.
 Work for income -- -- 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) 1.0 (0.8, 1.4)
Retirement status 0.92 0.46
 Not retired Ref. Ref.
 Partially or fully retired -- -- 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
Divorced or widowed in 2014 0.73
 No Ref.
 Yes -- -- -- 0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
IPR change in 2014 -- -- -- 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) 0.44
Employment transition in 2014 0.020
 No Ref.
 Yes -- -- -- 1.6 (1.1, 2.4)
New health diagnosis in 2014 0.026
 No Ref.
 Yes -- -- -- 1.4 (1.0, 2.0)
a

U.S. Health and Retirement Study

b

n = 2,197

c

Assessed during HRS enrollment wave