Table 2.
The association between coffee intake by the number of cups per day and digestive cancer within the UK Biobank
| Coffee intake (cups/day) | HR per cup increase | p-trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Any | >0–2 | 3–4 | ≥5 | |||
| n | 104,465 | 365,157 | 215,739 | 97,022 | 52,396 | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 74 | 279 | 146 | 72 | 61 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 1.60 (1.14, 2.24) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.83, 1.61) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.58) | 1.08 (0.71, 1.65) | 1.47 (0.94, 2.30) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.28 |
| Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | |||||||
| Cases | 15 | 61 | 28 | 15 | 18 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.60, 1.86) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.47, 1.99) | 2.34 (1.18, 4.64) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.59, 2.67) | 0.94 (0.41, 2.14) | 1.10 (0.42, 2.87) | 2.88 (1.20, 6.92) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.16) | 0.01 |
| Oesophageal adenocarcinoma | |||||||
| Cases | 55 | 204 | 110 | 52 | 42 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 1.47 (0.98, 2.20) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 0.008 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.80) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.76) | 1.25 (0.72, 2.15) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.96 |
| Gastric cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 65 | 184 | 99 | 55 | 30 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.79 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 0.88 (0.59, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.73, 1.79) | 1.18 (0.70, 1.98) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.30 |
| Small intestinal cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 14 | 63 | 31 | 20 | 12 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.66, 2.11) | 0.97 (0.51, 1.82) | 1.40 (0.71, 2.78) | 1.68 (0.78, 3.64) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.27 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.60, 2.87) | 1.12 (0.49, 2.58) | 1.67 (0.67, 4.18) | 1.65 (0.56, 4.78) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 0.65 |
| Colon cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 320 | 1141 | 666 | 340 | 135 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.16 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.15 |
| Rectal and anal cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 176 | 610 | 361 | 155 | 94 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.37 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.90 |
| Liver cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 48 | 134 | 82 | 32 | 20 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.05) | 0.65 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.37) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.34 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) | 0.83 (0.45, 1.55) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.44 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | |||||||
| Cases | 26 | 62 | 39 | 14 | 9 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.39, 0.97) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.52 (0.27, 1.00) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.22 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.29, 0.87) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.96) | 0.44(0.17, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.07 |
| Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma | |||||||
| Cases | 16 | 56 | 36 | 14 | 6 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.52, 1.57) | 0.97 (0.53, 1.74) | 0.84 (0.41, 1.73) | 0.72 (0.28, 1.85) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.43 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.71, 3.11) | 1.47 (0.68, 3.18) | 1.80 (0.74, 4.34) | 1.06 (0.32, 3.48) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.90 |
| Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma | |||||||
| Cases | 14 | 81 | 47 | 20 | 14 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.48 (0.84, 2.61) | 1.43 (0.78, 2.59) | 1.37 (0.69, 2.71) | 1.93 (0.92, 4.06) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.23 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.81, 3.27) | 1.52 (0.74, 3.15) | 1.56 (0.67, 3.64) | 2.40 (0.98, 5.90) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.15 |
| Pancreatic cancer | |||||||
| Cases | 81 | 303 | 171 | 83 | 49 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.22) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.67) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.17 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.71, 1.65) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.44 |
| All digestive cancers | |||||||
| Cases | 784 | 2767 | 1,581 | 773 | 413 | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.17 |
| Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.53 |
The model contains age at baseline, sex, deprivation, education, BMI, alcohol, smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, tea intake, physical activity and comorbidities at baseline (including high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, peptic ulcer disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis and gallstones)