Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 111,198)
| Normoglycaemic | Prediabetes | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 81,340 (73.1) | 23,900 (21.5) | 5958 (5.4) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 40,481 (49.8) | 11,023 (46.1) | 3363 (56.5) |
| Female | 40,859 (50.2) | 12,877 (53.9) | 2595 (43.5) |
| Age (years) | |||
| Mean ± standard deviation | 45.7 ± 8.9 | 50.0 ± 8.6 | 53.8 ± 8.8 |
| <40 | 20,462 (25.1) | 3221 (13.5) | 473 (7.9) |
| 40–49 | 32,465 (39.9) | 7771 (32.5) | 1290 (21.7) |
| 50–59 | 20,577 (25.3) | 8517 (35.6) | 2408 (40.4) |
| 60–69 | 7706 (9.5) | 4311 (18.0) | 1676 (28.1) |
| ≥70 | 130 (0.2) | 80 (0.3) | 111 (1.9) |
| Year of entry into the cohort | |||
| 1986–1996 | 26,865 (33.0) | 6483 (27.1) | 1785 (30.0) |
| 1997–2005 | 27,261 (33.5) | 10,111 (42.3) | 2169 (36.4) |
| 2006–2017 | 27,214 (33.5) | 7306 (30.6) | 2004 (33.6) |
| Body mass index | |||
| Mean ± standard deviation | 25.5 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 29.4 ± 5.5 |
| ≤24 | 31,747 (39.0) | 6025 (25.2) | 866 (14.5) |
| 24–27 | 25,233 (31.0) | 6857 (28.7) | 1212 (20.3) |
| ≥27 | 24,164 (29.7) | 10,947 (45.8) | 3852 (64.7) |
| Missing | 196 (0.2) | 71 (0.3) | 28 (0.5) |
| Education level | |||
| Compulsory school or less | 14,277 (17.5) | 6159 (25.8) | 2060 (34.6) |
| Upper secondary school | 41,298 (50.8) | 11,575 (48.4) | 2729 (45.8) |
| Higher education/postgraduate | 25,129 (30.9) | 5917 (24.8) | 1043 (17.5) |
| Missing | 636 (0.8) | 249 (1.0) | 126 (2.1) |
| Tobacco smoking status | |||
| Never smoker | 15,853 (19.5) | 4830 (20.2) | 1303 (21.9) |
| Ex-smoker | 23,027 (28.3) | 7440 (31.1) | 2036 (34.2) |
| Current smoker | 41,435 (50.9) | 11,263 (47.1) | 2475 (41.5) |
| Missing | 1025 (1.3) | 367 (1.5) | 144 (2.4) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or cohabitant | 15,524 (19.1) | 5204 (21.8) | 1586 (26.6) |
| Living alone | 65,233 (80.2) | 18,461 (77.2) | 4288 (72.0) |
| Missing | 583 (0.7) | 235 (1.0) | 84 (1.4) |
| Daily alcohol consumption (milligrams) | |||
| ≤9 | 18,759(23.1) | 6695 (28.0) | 2041 (34.3) |
| 9–163 | 30,480 (37.5) | 8743 (36.6) | 2037 (34.2) |
| ≥163 | 30,642 (37.7) | 8242 (34.5) | 1689 (28.3) |
| Missing | 1459 (1.8) | 220 (0.9) | 191 (3.2) |
| Physical activity level | |||
| Inactive | 35,639 (43.8) | 12,017(50.3) | 2876 (48.3) |
| Active | 41,381 (50.9) | 11,002 (46.0) | 2257 (37.9) |
| Missing | 4320 (5.3) | 881 (3.7) | 825 (13.8) |
| Daily intake of fruit and vegetables (grams) | |||
| ≤1.8 | 30,979 (33.7) | 8430 (33.1) | 1895 (31.6) |
| 1.8–3.2 | 30,194 (32.9) | 8210 (32.2) | 1812 (30.3) |
| ≥3.2 | 28,898 (31.4) | 8577 (33.7) | 2087 (34.9) |
| Missing | 1808 (2.0) | 1428 (1.0) | 194 (3.2) |
| Daily sodium intake (milligrams) | |||
| ≤1643 | 27,137 (29.5) | 8978 (35.2) | 1926 (32.2) |
| 1643–2266 | 28 870 (31.4) | 8082 (31.7) | 1739 (29.0) |
| ≥2266 | 30 377 (33.1) | 7195 (28.2) | 1719(28.7) |
| Missing | 5 488 (6.0) | 1223 (4.8) | 604 (10.1) |
| Daily total energy intake (kilocalories) | |||
| ≤1411 | 27,251 (29.6) | 9009 (35.4) | 2087(34.9) |
| 1411–1908 | 29,299 (31.9) | 8010 (31.4) | 1730 (28.9) |
| ≥1908 | 30,652 (33.4) | 7349 (28.8) | 1626 (27.1) |
| Missing | 4670 (5.1) | 1110 (4.4) | 545 (9.1) |
| Follow-up (years) | |||
| Median (interquartile range) | 13.4 (6.8–20.0) | 14.3 (8.2–19.3) | 12.9 (7.4–18.5) |