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. 2019 Sep 4;10:2008. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02008

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Copyright © 2019 Souza, Baltazar, Carregal, Gouveia-Eufrasio, Oliveira, Dias, Rocha, Miranda, Malavazi, Santos, Frézard, Souza, Teixeira and Soriani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A. fumigatus killing by macrophages. 5 × 10⁴ RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg of EVs (measured as total protein content) for 5 h. After that, the macrophages were challenged with 5 × 10⁵ (MOI 10:1) conidia of A. fumigatus for 6 h. The amount of live conidia was quantified in YG media as unit forming colony (UFC). Data are representative of three experiments. ^∗ Represents statistically differences between the indicated groups (p < 0.05) as determined by One Way-ANOVA.