Fig. 1.

Modified outer membrane vesicle (fmOMV) stimulates diverse Toll-like receptors (TLRs). a Structure of lipid A moiety on fmOMV. b HEK293 cells expressing mouse TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, or TLR9 were cultured with indicated amounts of fmOMV or corresponding ligand (PAM3 100 ng/mL; LPS 100 ng/mL; flagellin 100 ng/mL; or CPG 100 ng/mL) for 24 h. The extent of fmOMV- or TLR ligand-induced TLR stimulation was determined by mea­suring secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase activity using QUANTI-Blue colorimetric enzyme assay. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation from triplicate culture wells, at optical density (OD) of 570 nm. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01.