. 2019 Jul 25;36(10):728–737. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001059

Table 2.

Anxiety, pain, rescue analgesia and emergence delirium levels, and parental anxiety levels in both groups

	VRE^c (n = 94)	CAU (n = 97)	P^d	VRE^e (n = 73)	P^f
Anxiety
mYPAS (observed)
T1	28.3 [23.3 to 31.7]	26.7 [23.3 to 32.5]	0.697^a	28.3 [23.3 to 30.0]	0.636^a
T2	28.3 [23.3 to 36.7]	28.3 [23.3 to 41.7]	0.765^a	26.7 [23.3 to 36.7]	0.129^a
T3	40.0 [28.3 to 58.3]	38.3 [28.3 to 53.3]	0.862^a	36.7 [27.5 to 48.3]	0.266^a
VAS (self-reported)
T1	3.0 [0.1 to 5.0]	1.5 [0.0 to 5.0]	0.407^a	3.0 [0.5 to 5.0]	0.209^a
T2	3.0 [1.0 to 5.5]	3.5 [0.0 to 6.0]	0.753^a	3.5 [1.0 to 6.0]	0.997^a
T4	0.0 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.0 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.735^a	0.3 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.466^a
T5	0.5 [0.0 to 1.0]	0.3 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.727^a	0.5 [0.0 to 1.0]	0.620^a
Pain
FPS-r (self-reported)
T4	2.0 [0.0 to 4.0]	2.0 [0.0 to 2.5]	0.699^a	2.0 [0.0 to 4.0]	0.763^a
T5	0.0 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.0 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.454^a	0.0 [0.0 to 2.0]	0.551^a
FLACC (observed, T4)	0.0 [0.0 to 0.0]	0.0 [0.0 to 0.0]	0.669^a	0.0 [0.0 to 0.0]	0.735^a
PPPM (observed, T5)	3.0 [0.0 to 5.0]	3.0 [1.0 to 8.0]	0.410^a	3.0 [0.0 to 5.8]	0.502^a
Rescue analgesia^g (T4)
Overall	28 (29.8)	39 (40.2)	0.131^b	22 (30.1)	0.175^b
Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy	11 (55.0)	22 (95.7)	0.002^b	6 (50.0)	0.001^b
Tympanostomy tubes	0 (0.0)	1 (4.3)	0.312^b	0 (0.0)	0.384^b
Maxillofacial and dental procedures	4 (17.4)	6 (23.1)	0.622^b	4 (22.2)	0.947^b
Other ENT procedures	13 (46.4)	10 (40.0)	0.637^b	12 (22.2)	0.657^b
Emergence delirium
PAED (observed, T4)	7.0 [5.0 to 9.0]	6.0 [5.0 to 9.0]	0.266^a	7.5 [5.0 to 9.0]	0.223^a
Parental anxiety
STAI-state (self-reported, T3)	41.0 [34.5 to 48.5]	40.5 [33.0 to 50.0]	0.753^a	38.5 [34.0 to 45.75]	0.579^a
VAS (observed, T3)	3.0 [2.0 to 5.0]	3.5 [2.0 to 5.0]	0.418^a	3.0 [2.0 to 4.0]	0.171^a

Values are median [interquartile range] or frequency (percentage).

FLACC, Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability; FPS-r, Faces Pain Scale revised; mYPAS, modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale; PAED, Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergency Delirium; PPPM, Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; T1, hospital admission (baseline); T2, holding area; T3, induction of anaesthesia; T4, recovery room, when children were fully awake, in the presence of a parent; T5, at home, within 2 weeks after surgery; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

^aMann–Whitney U-test.

^bχ² test.

^cChildren who were allocated to the VRE condition (n = 94).

^dIntention-to-treat analyses.

^eChildren who completed the VRE intervention.

^fPer-protocol analyses (ad-hoc).

^gNeed for rescue analgesia (yes or no) was also analysed for each type of surgery, separately.