Table 3.
Cox proportional hazard ratios for overall and cancer-specific mortality after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall | Cancer-specific | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Unadjusted model | ||||
| White | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Nonwhite | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) | 0.0006 | 1.36 (1.15–1.60) | 0.0003 |
| Adjusted model (no treatment)* | ||||
| White | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Nonwhite | 1.001 (0.85–1.18) | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.99 |
| Adjusted model (including treatment)** | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Nonwhite | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.44 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.45 |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||
| 66–69 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| 70–74 | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 0.29 | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 0.46 |
| 75–79 | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 0.003 | 1.29 (1.06–1.58) | 0.01 |
| 80–84 | 1.37 (1.15–1.63) | 0.0005 | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 0.04 |
| 85+ | 1.89 (1.57–2.27) | < 0.0001 | 1.76 (1.42–2.19) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Female | 0.54 (0.84–1.07) | 0.41 | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 0.62 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Married | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | < 0.0001 | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.0004 |
| Unknown | 0.70 (0.55–0.90) | 0.005 | 0.66 (0.49–0.90) | 0.008 |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||
| 2003–2005 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| 2006–2008 | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 0.37 | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) | 0.93 |
| 2009–2011 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.002 |
| SEER region | ||||
| Northeast | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| South | 1.45 (1.24–1.70) | < 0.0001 | 1.40 (1.16–1.69) | 0.0004 |
| Midwest | 1.18 (0.94–1.36) | 0.16 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.73 |
| West/Hawaii | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 0.16 | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 0.22 |
| SES | ||||
| 0 (lowest) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| 1 | 0.95 (0.80–1.11) | 0.50 | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.47 |
| 2 | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.13 | 0.88 (0.73–1.08) | 0.23 |
| 3 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.12 | 0.92 (0.77–1.12) | 0.41 |
| 4 (highest) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.27 | 0.90 (0.73–1.08) | 0.23 |
| Histology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.50 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.35 |
| T stage | ||||
| 1a | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| 1b | 1.15 (0.83–1.31) | 0.21 | 1.21 (0.90–1.61) | 0.20 |
| 1NOS | 1.51 (1.22–1.69) | < 0.0001 | 1.70 (1.39–2.08) | < 0.0001 |
| 2 | 1.25 (0.97–1.41) | 0.02 | 1.39 (1.10–1.74) | 0.005 |
| 3 | 1.78 (1.35–1.92) | < 0.0001 | 1.97 (1.59–2.43) | < 0.0001 |
| Charlson score | ||||
| 0 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| 1 | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 0.18 | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.93 |
| 2+ | 1.51 (1.34–1.70) | < 0.0001 | 1.35 (1.06–1.42) | 0.006 |
| Esophagus location | ||||
| Lower | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Middle | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | 0.52 | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.27 |
| Upper | 0.71 (0.57–0.88) | 0.002 | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | 0.006 |
| Unknown | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 0.27 | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 0.67 |
| Surgery | ||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.36 (0.32–0.41) | < 0.0001 | 0.31 (0.27–0.36) | < 0.0001 |
| Radiation | ||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.10 | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.10 |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | 0.002 | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | 0.002 |
*
Race/ethnicity HRs based on overall and cancer-specific adjusted models without treatment
**
HRs for race/ethnicity and all other covariates based on full adjusted models, with treatment