Table 1.
Systematic-summarised studies of HMGB1-mediated inflammation in depressive-like animal models
| Study | Animal models | Biomarkers of inflammation | Behaviours | Antidepressants-like target |
| Fu et al
(2019) |
CUMS | ↑ HMGB, ↑ proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) | ↓ Sucrose preference, ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming test and ↓ crossing numbers in open field test; | Antidepressants-like hesperidin: inhibited inflammatory processes through HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signalling pathways |
| Liu et al
(2019) |
CUMS | ↑ HMGB, ↑ TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β | ↓Sucrose preference, ↑immobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming test | Antidepressants-like baicalin: inhibited inflammatory processes through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathways |
| Wang et al
(2018) |
CUMS | CUMS: ↑ Gene expression of enzymes (IDO, KMO, KYNU) in KP; HMGB1 inhibitor: prevent the activated enzymes | ↓ Sucrose preference, ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test and ↓ central distance in open field test | CUMS+HMGB1 inhibitor: prevented the activated enzymes in KP |
| Lian et al
(2017) |
CUMS | ↑ Serum HMGB1; ↑ HMGB1 expression in cerebral cortex; ↑ TNF-α in hippocampus | ↓ Sucrose preference and ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test | |
| Wang et al
(2017) |
CUMS | CUMS: ↑ Gene expression of enzymes (IDO, KMO, KYNU) in KP; ↑ Serum HMGB1; ↑ TNF-α and IFN-γ | CUMS: ↓ Sucrose preference and ↓ performance on Barnes maze test | HMGB1 inhibitor: reduced activation of enzymes in KP |
| Frankin et al
(2017) |
CUS | ↑ Regulation of HMGB1 messenger RNA, ↑ regulation of RAGE messenger RNA in hippocampus microglia | ↓ Sucrose preference | |
| Cheng et al (2016) | Inescapable foot shocks | ↑ HMGB1 in hippocampus; ↑ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1β in hippocampus | ↑ Escape failures | Involved in GSK3-dependent TLR4 signalling |
CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; CUS, chronic unpredictable stress; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-12, interleukin 12; KMO, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KP, kynurenine pathway; KYNU, kynurenines; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR4, toll-like receptor; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; rHMGB1, human recombinant HMGB1.