Table 3.
Findings: Secondary Outcomes
| Author (Year of Publication) | Total No. of Sessions | Total No. of Minutes (Hours) | Measure | Pain | Stress | Relationships | Anger | Mindfulness | Maternal-Fetal Attachment | Sleep | Quality of Life | Biomarkers | Fatigue | HRV | Birth Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beddoe, Paul Yang, Kennedy, Weiss, and Lee (2009) | 7 | 525 (8.75) | PPP, PSS, BPI, cortisol | S*a | NSb, S*b | S****b | |||||||||
| Beddoe and Lee (2010) | 7 | 840 (14) | GSDS, actigraphy | NSd, NSd | |||||||||||
| Doran and Hornibrook (2013) | Not specified | Not specified | Qualitative interviews | ||||||||||||
| Field et al. (2012) | 24 | 480 (8) | Back and leg pain, Relationship Questionnaire, STAXI (anger), gestational age at delivery and birth weight | S***a | S****a | S****a | S***a, S****a | ||||||||
| Field, Diego, Delgado, and Medina (2013a) | 12 | 240 (4) | Cortisol, progesterone, estriol | S****b, S****b, S****b | |||||||||||
| Field, Diego, Delgado, and Medina (2013b) | 12 | 240 (4) | Verran and Snyder-Halpern Scale (Sleep Disturbance Scale), Relationship Questionnaire, STAXI (anger) | S*b | S****b | S*c | |||||||||
| Ko, Yang, Fang, Lee, and Lin (2013) | 12 | 720 (12) | Fatigue | NSb | |||||||||||
| Mitchell et al. (2012) | 24 | 480 (8) | — | ||||||||||||
| Muzik, Hamilton, Rosenblum, Waxler, and Hadi (2012) | 10 | 900 (15) | FFMQ-R (mindfulness), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale | S**b | S****b | ||||||||||
| Rakhshani, Maharana, Raghuram, Nagendra and Venkatram (2010) | Not specified | >780 (>13) | FIRO-B, expressed inclusion, wanted inclusion, expressed control, wanted control, expressed affection, wanted affection; WHOQOL-100 (quality of life), physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, environment, spiritual, general health quality | S*d, NSd, NSd, S**dNSd, NSd | S****d, S****d, NSd, S***d, S****d NSd, S****d | ||||||||||
| Reis and Alligood (2014) | 6 | 360 (6) | |||||||||||||
| Satyapriya, Nagendra, Nagarathna, and Padmalatha (2009) | Not specified | >1,440 (>24) | PSS, HRV | S****d | S****d | ||||||||||
| Satyapriya, Nagarathna, Padmalatha, and Nagendra (2013) | Not specified | > 1,440 (>24) | PEQ | S****d |
Note: HRV = heart rate variability; PPP = prenatal psychosocial profile; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; FIRO-B = Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Scale; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; GSDS = General Sleep Disturbance Scale; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Revised; WHOQOL = World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument; PEQ = Pregnancy Experiences Questionnaire; NS = not significant.
a
Group by time interaction effects.
b
Pre- versus postintervention within group.
c
Group by treatment session interaction effects.
d
Pre- versus postintervention between-group.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p ≤0.005.
****
p ≤ .001.