Table 4.
Findings by Outcome
| Outcome | Author (Year of Publication) | Measure | Statistical Significance | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Field et al. (2012) | CES-D | S****a | Yoga or massage |
| Field, Diego, Delgado, and Medina (2013a) | CES-D | S**b | Yoga or social support | |
| EPDS | S***b | |||
| POMS | S****b | |||
| Field, Diego, Delgado, and Medina (2013b) | CES-D | S****c | Yoga/tai chi | |
| Ko, Yang, Fang, Lee, and Lin (2013) | CES-D | NSb | Exercise program—combo yoga, Pilates, and aerobics | |
| Mitchell et al. (2012) | CES-D | S*a | Yoga | |
| Muzik Hamilton, Rosenblum, Waxier, and Hadi (2012) | EPDS | S****b | Mindfulness yoga | |
| BDI-II | S*b | |||
| Satyapriya, Nagarathna, Padmalatha, and Nagendra (2013) | HADS | S****d | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | |
| Anxiety | Beddoe, Paul Yang, Kennedy, Weiss, and Lee (2009) | STAI-trait | S*b | Iyengar yoga and MBSR |
| STAI-state | NSb | |||
| Field et al. (2012) | STAI | S****a | Yoga or massage | |
| Field et al. (2013a) | STAI | S****b | Yoga or social support | |
| Field et al. (2013b) | STAI | S**c | Yoga/tai chi | |
| Satyapriya et al. (2013) | STAI-I | S****d | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | |
| STAI-II | S****d | |||
| Stress | Beddoe et al. (2009) | PPP | NSb | Iyengar yoga and MBSR |
| Beddoe et al. (2009) | PSS | S*b | Iyengar yoga and MBSR | |
| Satyapriya, Nagendra, Nagarathna, and Padmalatha (2009) | PSS | S****d | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | |
| Satyapriya et al. (2013) | PEQ | S****d | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | |
| Pain | Beddoe et al. (2009) | BPI | S*a | Iyengar yoga and MBSR |
| Field et al. (2012) | Back and Leg pain | S****a | Yoga or Massage | |
| Sleep | Beddoe and Lee (2010) | GSDS | NSd | Iyengar yoga and MBSR |
| Actigraphy | NSd | |||
| Field et al. (2013b) | Verran and Snyder-Halpern Scale (sleep disturbance scale) | S*c | Yoga/tai chi | |
| Relationships | Field et al. (2012) | Relationship Questionnaire | S****a | Yoga or massage |
| Field et al. (2013a) | Relationship Questionnaire | S*b | Yoga or social support | |
| Rakhshani, Nagendra, Nagarathna, and Padmalatha (2010) | FIRO-B | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | ||
| Expressed inclusion | S*d | |||
| Wanted inclusion | NSd | |||
| Expressed control | NSd | |||
| Wanted control | S**d | |||
| Expressed affection | NSd | |||
| Wanted affection | NSd | |||
| Biomarkers | Beddoe and Lee (2010) | Cortisol (increased) | S****b | Iyengar yoga and MBSR |
| Field et al. (2013a) | Cortisol (increased) | S****b | Yoga or social support | |
| Field et al. (2013a) | Estriol (increased) | S****b | Yoga or social support | |
| Field et al. (2013a) | Progesterone (increased) | S****b | Yoga or social support | |
| Doran and Hornibrook et al. (2013) | Qualitative interview themes: Building mental health and well being | Gentle yoga, meditation, and breath work | ||
| Field et al. (2012) | STAXI (anger) | S****a | Yoga or massage | |
| Field et al. (2013a) | STAXI (anger) | S****b | Yoga or social support | |
| Field et al. (2012) | Birth weight (greater) Gestational age at birth (greater) |
S****a | Yoga or massage | |
| Ko et al. (2013) | Fatigue | NSb | Exercise program—combo yoga, Pilates, and aerobics | |
| Other | Muzik et al. (2012) | FFMQ-R (Mindfulness) | S**b | Mindfulness yoga |
| Muzik et al. (2012) | Maternal—Fetal Attachment Scale | S****b | Mindfulness oga | |
| Rakhshani et al. (2010) | WHOQOL-100 (Quality of Life) | IAY or standard antenatal exercise | ||
| Physical | S****d | |||
| Psychological | S****d | |||
| Independence | NSd | |||
| Social relationships | S***d | |||
| Environment | S****d | |||
| Spiritual | NSd | |||
| General health quality | S****d | |||
| Reis and Alligood (2014) | LOTR | S****b | Healthy mom prenatal yoga, IAY, or standard antenatal exercise | |
| PKPCT V II | S***b | |||
| WPS | S*b | |||
| MCS | S***b | |||
| PCS | NSb | |||
| Satyapriya et al. (2009) | HRV | S***d |
Note: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; POMS = profile of mood states; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory–II; HADS = Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PPP = prenatal psychosocial profile; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; PEQ = Pregnancy Experiences Questionnaire; GSDS = General Sleep Disturbance Scale; FIRO-B = Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Scale; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Revised; WHOQOL = World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument; LOTR = Life Orientation Test Revised, PKPCT V II = Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool Version II; WPS = Well-being Picture Scale; MCS = mental component summary; PCS = physical component summary; HRV = heart rate variability; IAY = Integrated approach of yoga.
Group by time interaction effects.
Pre- versus postintervention within group.
Group by treatment session interaction effects.
Pre- versus postintervention between-group.
p ≤ .05.
p ≤ .01.
p ≤ .005.
p ≤ .001.