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. 2019 Sep 11;5(9):eaax2742. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2742

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Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

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Fig. 1 — (A) Dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) left lateral, and (D) anterior dorsolateral views; contributing specimens in table S1. (E) Carboniferous-Permian elasmobranch time-calibrated phylogeny, simplified after (16) (boundary ages from Chronostratigraphic Chart ICS V.2018/8); red bars mark earliest gape-limited expanding jaw systems: Acentrophorus (6), earliest actinopterygian with mobile maxilla. adf, adductor fossa; chb, ceratohyal blade; hm, hyomandibula; hr, hyoid rays; lbc, labial cartilage chain; lve, lateroventral extremity of palatoquadrate; mc, Meckel’s cartilage; os, otic shelf; pal, palatine process; pnl, postnasal lamina; ppr, postorbital process; qu, quadrate; rap, retroarticular process.