Exhibit 1:

Acute Respiratory Infections Visits to Direct to Consumer Telemedicine, Primary Care Providers, and Urgent Care Facilitites in the Unmatched and Matched Samples, 2015–16

	Unmatched Visitsd						Matched Visitse
	DTC Telemedicine		PCP		Urgent Care		DTC Telemedicine		PCP		Urgent Care
Overall (N)	39,974		1,084,056		212,837		38,839		942,613		186,016
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age Category
18–34 years old	12,979	32	360,129	33	92,369	43	12,752	33	309,488	33	61,075	33
35–44 years old	12,637	32	248,321	23	53,185	25	12,289	32	298,251	32	58,857	32
45–54 years old	9,213	23	250,865	23	39,714	19	8,848	23	214,739	23	42,377	23
55–64 years old	5,145	13	224,741	21	27,569	13	4,950	13	120,135	13	23,708	13
Gender
Female	25,271	63	680,629	63f	130,061	61	24,627	63	597,691	63	117,949	63
Male	14,703	37	403,427	37 f	82,776	39	14,212	37	344,922	37	68,067	37
Chronic Illness Presencea
No Chronic Illness	30,730	77	751,140	69	161,572	76	30,029	77	728,796	77	143,821	77
Chronic Illness	9,244	23	332,916	31	51,265	24	8,810	23	213,817	23	42,195	23
Rural/Urban
Metropolitan	37,407	94	981,430	91	198,974	93	37,007	95	898,151	95	177,242	95
Micropolitan	1,615	4	61,633	6	9,783	5	1,316	3	31,939	3	6,303	3
Small Town/Rural	952	2	40,993	4	4,080	2	516	1	12,523	1	2,471	1
Region
Northeast	6,840	17	329,122	30	20,304	10	6,725	17	163,214	17	32,209	17
Midwest	6,518	16	166,804	15	32,375	15	6,117	16	148,458	16	29,297	16
South	20,278	51	407,724	38	102,100	48	19,799	51	480,517	51	94,826	51
West	6,338	16	180,406	17	58,058	27	6,198	16	150,424	16	29,685	16
High Deductible Health Plan
No	34,050	85	1,015,954	94	199,059	94	33,555	86	814,372	86	160,709	86
Yes	5,924	15	68,102	6	13,778	6	5,284	14	128,241	14	25,307	14
Diagnosis Categoryb
Sinusitis	16,628	42	338,656	31	62,699	29	16,168	42	392,393	42	77,435	42
Streptococcal Pharyngitis	747	2	32,203	3	12,649	6	669	2	16,236	2	3,204	2
Otitis Media	647	2	60,081	6	14,894	7	603	2	14635	2	2,888	2
Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis	5,792	14	172,837	16	31,212	15f	5547	14	134624	14	26,567	14
Other Viral ARIsc	16,160	40	490,839	45	94,092	44	15852	41	384724	41	75,922	41

Source: Authors’ analysis of data from 2015-2016 claims from a large national insurer.

Notes: DTC is direct-to-consumer. HDHP is high deductible health plan. PCP is primary care provider. ARI is acute respiratory infection.

^aPresence or absence of patient’s chronic medical conditions was determined using the Charlson Comorbidity Index.

^bA small percentage (1.0%) of visits had more than one of these diagnoses, so the percentages of the diagnosis categories may sum up to be greater than 100%.

^cThe other viral ARIs category consists of diagnoses where antibiotics are not indicated (e.g., viral upper respiratory infection, viral pharyngitis, and non-suppurative otitis), with the exception that bronchitis/bronchiolitis is separately categorized.

^dAll categories in the unmatched sample have a p value that is <0.001, expect when otherwise indicated.

^eAll categories in the matched sample have a p value that is equal to 1. Counts within categories in the matched sample may exceed column total because of weighted frequencies are rounded to whole numbers.

^fThe indicated estimate did not differ significantly from DTC telemedicine estimates (p>0.05).