Exhibit 2:

Antibiotic Use, Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use, and Guideline-Concordant Antibiotic Management across Settings in the Unmatched and Matched Sample, 2015–2016

	Unmatched Visits						Matched Visits
	DTC Telemedicine		PCP		Urgent Care		DTC Telemedicine		PCP		Urgent Care
Overall (N)	39,974		1,084,056		212,837		38,839		942,613		186,016
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Any Antibiotic Usea	20,839	52	544,105	50***	113,769	53***	20,231	52	497,941	53**	105,048	56***
Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Useb	10,932	27	302,020	28*	54,829	26***	10,627	27	273,628	29***	52,985	28***
Guideline-Concordant Antibiotic Managementc	24,767	62	660,582	61***	128,731	60***	24,055	62	568,949	60***	110,095	59***

Source: Authors’ analysis of data from 2015-2016 claims from a large national insurer.

Notes: Abbreviations: DTC, direct to consumer; PCP, primary care provider.

^aVisits with antibiotic use include those categorized as guideline-concordant use, guideline non-concordant use, and unnecessary antibiotic use.

^bBroad-spectrum antibiotics were defined as macrolides (excluding erythromycin), fluoroquinolones, and non-first-generation cephalosporins.

^cVisits with guideline-concordant antibiotic management include those categorized as guideline-concordant antibiotic use, guideline-concordant non-use of antibiotics, or, for visits with a diagnosis of acute otitis media or sinusitis, no antibiotic use. Hypothesis testing performed using chi-square tests, comparing DTC telemedicine visits to PCP visits and to urgent care visits

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001