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Proposed mechanisms of endosomal escape. (A) Proton sponge effect and osmotic lysis of the endosome/lysosome. (B) Membrane fusion mechanism for liposome-based delivery systems. (C) Barrel-stave pore formation. (D) Toroidal pore formation. (E) Membrane destabilization mechanism for polymer-based delivery systems; and (F) Vesicle budding and collapse mechanism.
