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. 2019 Sep 11;9:13082. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49421-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The high frequency of ex vivo CD4⁺CD38⁺ polyfunctional T cells is associated with a dysfunctional response to SEA in AD patients. (a) Representative gating strategy for analysis of cytokines and CD38 in CD4⁺ T cells. (b) Frequencies of CD4⁺CD38⁺/CD4⁺CD38⁻ T cells in HC (n = 10) and AD patients (n = 15) in unstimulated condition. Bars represent median values. *p < 0.05. (c,d) PCA of the polyfunctional profile of CD4⁺CD38⁺ and CD4⁺CD38⁻ T cells. Boolean gating was used to calculate the proportions of polyfunctional T cells after SEA stimulation and frequency values were considered for analysis. Each dot represents one subject. PC, principal component.