Fig. 3.

Room-temperature mechanical behavior of laser-deposited aluminum with and without nanoparticles. a Typical engineering stress-strain curves of laser-deposited Al specimens with and without nanoparticles. b SEM images of micropillars after microcompression tests. c Young’s modulus of laser-deposited Al and AMNC specimens. Error bars represent SD for at least twenty data sets. d Specific Young’s modulus and specific yield strength of AMNC and other materials (all data from microcompression tests without size effect). Scale bar, 3 µm (left), 2 µm(middle) and 1 µm(right) in b