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Representative tracings of specific force (force per muscle cross‐sectional area) generated by stimulating with different concentrations of ACh (ranging from 10 nmol/L to 1 mmol/L) in porcine ASM strips. Note that 24‐h exposure to TNFα increased ASM force generation across all ACh concentrations compared to control (P < 0.01). ACh, acetylcholine; ASM, airway smooth muscle; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
