Table 3.

Directed content analysis of the defining characteristics of individualized care

Defining Characteristics a	Representative Example of Content Coded
Individualized assessment and treatment planning (n = 29) b	“Needs assessment and treatment planning activities are necessary to match patients to appropriate treatments. […] Similarly, care plans must include provisions for monitoring the client’s progress after the index episode of treatment, given that posttreatment relapse is so common.” [69]
Delivery of treatment according to patient needs and preferences (n = 24) c	“The participants in this residential program used as much medication as was necessary to suppress nicotine withdrawal symptoms which often was more than what is typically prescribed.” [40]
Treatment adapted to clients’ barriers and assets (n = 11) d	“A typical call included discussion of the reasons the participant sought and discontinued treatment; the participant’s current intentions regarding alcohol and drug use with a focus on increasing motivation to achieve or maintain abstinence; the participant’s thoughts about what might be most helpful at this time; and troubleshooting practical barriers to treatment.” [72]

^aA total of 46 references defined individualized care. Coded categories were not mutually exclusive such that a reference might have defined the principle of patient-centered care at more than one category. Bracketed numbers represent the number of unique references coded at each category

^bReferences coded at this category [20, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 64, 69, 72–89]

^cReferences coded at this category [25, 40, 43, 46, 47, 50, 52–57, 63, 67, 71, 75–77, 84, 87, 90–93]

^dReferences coded at this category [20, 45, 52–54, 64, 67, 72, 74, 86, 88]