Table 8.

Directed content analysis of antecedents to patient-centered care

Categories (n references coded)	Open codes (n references coded)
1. Organizational Values, Policies and Procedures (n = 42)	1.1 Health care provider skills and training (e.g., case management, motivational interviewing, transtheoretical change model) (n = 18)
	1.2 Creating preferred environments that are safe, stable and social (n = 11)
	1.3 Inter-professional care teams (n = 9)
	1.4 Simplifying the logistics and continuity of access to health care providers (n = 9)
	1.5 A system that is rooted in the values of harm reduction and the social determinants of health (n = 6)
	1.6 Comprehensive assessment and screening procedures (n = 3)
2. Clinical Approaches that Strengthen Therapeutic Alliance (n = 43)	2.1 Open communication and active listening (n = 28)
	2.2 Investing time to build trust (n = 20)
	2.3 Affirming client’s ability to succeed in their goals (n = 17)
	2.4 Adopting an individualized approach (n = 8)
	2.5 Collaborating with clients (n = 7)
	2.6 Taking a holistic view (n = 7)
3. Clinical Approaches that Support Shared Decision-making (n = 30)	3.1 Sharing information in a manner appropriate for the client (n = 21)
	3.2 Empowering clients as experts in treatment need and building capacity for self-responsibility (n = 13)
	3.3 Establishing respectful relationship with clients (n = 4)
	3.4 Being flexible in approaches offered (n = 2)
4. Clinical Approaches that Support Individualized Care (n = 6)	4.1 Encouraging clients’ input and preferences (n = 3)
	4.2 Establishing caring relationship with clients (n = 2)
	4.3 Offering a flexible continuum of care (n = 2)