Table 3.
Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia, 2000–2016
| Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | p for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aaOR (95% CI) | aaOR (95% CI) | aaOR (95% CI) | aaOR (95% CI) | aaOR (95% CI) | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Primary school | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.25) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | P < 0.001 |
| Secondary and higher | 0.83 (0.50, 1.38) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.13) | 1.27 (0.81, 2.00) | 1.30 (0.87, 1.93) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | P < 0.001 |
| Partner education | ||||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Primary school | 1.24 (0.99, 1.56) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.34) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | P < 0.001 |
| Secondary and higher | 1.04 (0.73, 1.46) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.33) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | P < 0.001 |
| Maternal employment | ||||||
| No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Formal employment | 1.00 (0.72, 1.39) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 1.54 (1.07, 2.21) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | P < 0.001 |
| Informal employment | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.93) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.28) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | P < 0.001 |
| Household wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Middle | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.29) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.62) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | P < 0.001 |
| Rich | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.28) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.65) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | P < 0.001 |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Maternal age | ||||||
| 15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| 25–34 years | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.52) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23) | P < 0.001 |
| 35–49 years | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | 1.29 (0.99, 1.68) | 1.26 (0.91, 1.74) | 1.13 (0.99,1.27) | P < 0.001 |
| Sex of the baby | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Female | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.19) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.45) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | P < 0.001 |
| Desire for pregnancy | ||||||
| Desired the pregnancy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Not desired the pregnancy | 0.83 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.0.64, 1.06) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 1.10 (0.66, 1.84) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.91) | P < 0.001 |
| Health service factors | ||||||
| Antenatal care visit | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P = 0.001 |
| 1–3 visits | 0.71 (0.56, 0.91) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.84) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.06) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86) | P < 0.001 |
| 4+ visits | 0.76 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.51 (0.37, 0.69) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.85) | P < 0.001 |
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P = 0.695 |
| Health facility | 0.97 (0.57, 1.66) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.33) | 1.16 (0.53, 2.56) | 2.03 (1.04, 4.00) | 1.35 (1.05, 1.75) | P < 0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Vaginal birthing | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Cesarean section | 0.42 (0.20, 0.92) | 0.30 (0.15, 0.58) | 0.19 (0.11, 0.35) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.16) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.30) | P < 0.001 |
| Community factors | ||||||
| Region of residence | ||||||
| Large central regions | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | P < 0.001 |
| Small peripheral regions | 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | 2.39 (1.72, 3.32) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.30) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | P = 0.006 |
| Metropolis | 1.81 (1.31, 2.50) | 3.03 (1.93, 4.75) | 2.13 (1.60, 2.84) | 2.65 (1.79, 3.93) | 1.95 (1.65, 2.32) | P < 0.001 |
aaORs of socioeconomic factors were adjusted for demographic, health service and community level factors; aORs of demographic factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, health service and community level factors; aORs of health service factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and community level factors; aORs of community level factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and health service