Table 4.
Procedure-related complications.
| Variable | Overall population |
Propensity-score-matched cohort (2:1) |
Inverse-probability-of-treatment- weighted cohort |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RES (1183) | MWA (126) | p | RES (1183) | MWA (126) | p | RES (1201) | MWA (107) | p | |
| Morbidity | |||||||||
| Total | 808 (68.3) | 87 (69.0) | 0.944 | 167 (78.8) | 83 (71.6) | 0.013 | 853 (71.0) | 83 (77.6) | 0.184 |
| Severe | 27 (2.3) | 3 (2.4) | 1.000 | 5 (2.4) | 3 (2.6) | 1.000 | 27 (2.2) | 3 (2.8) | 0.731 |
| Minor | 779 (65.9) | 84 (66.7) | 0.185 | 162 (76.4) | 80 (69.0) | 0.182 | 826 (68.8) | 80 (74.8) | 0.239 |
| Grade | |||||||||
| 1 | 628 (53.1) | 78 (61.9) | 116 (54.7) | 75 (64.7) | 639 (53.2) | 77 (72.6) | |||
| 2 | 151 (12.8) | 6 (4.8) | 46 (21.7) | 5 (4.3) | 187 (15.6) | 3 (2.8) | |||
| 3 | 23 (1.9) | 3 (2.4) | 4 (1.9) | 3 (2.6) | 23 (1.9) | 3 (2.8) | |||
| 4 | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| 5 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Fever | 235 (19.9) | 16 (12.7) | 0.068 | 45 (21.2) | 15 (12.9) | 0.088 | 235 (19.6) | 10 (9.6) | 0.014 |
| Pain | 392 (33.1) | 62 (49.2) | <0.001 | 69 (32.5) | 60 (51.7) | 0.001 | 397 (33.0) | 70 (66.0) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea | 125 (10.6) | 2 (1.6) | <0.001 | 31 (14.6) | 2 (1.7) | <0.001 | 132 (11.0) | 1 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Minor ascites | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Vomiting | 77 (6.5) | 11 (8.7) | 0.448 | 14 (6.6) | 11 (9.5) | 0.470 | 76 (6.3) | 4 (4.2) | 0.398 |
| Arrhythmia | 23 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.158 | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 23 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.250 |
| Wound dehiscence | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | |
| Blood transfusion | 143 (12.1) | 6 (4.8) | 0.021 | 43 (20.3) | 5 (4.3) | <0.001 | 179 (14.9) | 3 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Lung infection | 16 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.390 | 7 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.054 | 18 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.390 |
| Significant pleural effusion | 21 (1.8) | 3 (2.4) | 0.497 | 4 (1.9) | 3 (2.6) | 0.701 | 21 (1.8) | 3 (2.9) | 0.439 |
| Severe ascites | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | |
| Liver failure | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Death | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | |
Adverse events were graded according to the Clavien–Dindo classification system, and a complication of grade ⩾ 3 was considered severe.
Data are presented as the numbers of cases (%) and were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.
MWA, microwave ablation; RES, resection.