Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 28,914 adults with heart failure identified from 2005 to 2012, overall and stratified by left ventricular systolic function
| Characteristic | Overall N = 28,914 | HFpEFN= 14,883 | HFbEF N = 4,657 | HFrEF N = 9,374 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age ± SD (years) | 72.8 ± 12.7 | 74.7 ± 11.9 | 72.1 ± 12.4 | 70.3 ± 13.4 |
| Age categories (years) | ||||
| <45 | 776 (2.7 %) | 243 (1.6 %) | 115 (2.5 %) | 418(4.5 %) |
| 45–54 | 1986 (6.9 %) | 768 (5.2 %) | 351 (7.5 %) | 867 (9.2 %) |
| 55–64 | 4620 (16.0 %) | 1999 (13.4 %) | 804 (17.3 %) | 1817(19.4%) |
| 65–74 | 7360 (25.5 %) | 3705 (24.9 %) | 1255 (26.9 %) | 2400 (25.6 %) |
| 75–84 | 9414 (32.6 %) | 5266 (35.4 %) | 1446 (31.1 %) | 2702 (28.8 %) |
| ≥85 | 4758 (16.5 %) | 2902 (19.5 %) | 686 (14.7 %) | 1170(12.5 %) |
| Woman | 13,001 (45.0 %) | 8250 (55.4 %) | 1774 (38.1 %) | 2977 (31.8%) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 22,098 (76.4 %) | 11,642 (78.2%) | 3577 (76.8 %) | 6879 (73.4 %) |
| Black | 3183 (11.0%) | 1424 (9.6 %) | 534(11.5 %) | 1225 (13.1 %) |
| Asian / Pacific Islander | 2804 (9.7 %) | 1429 (9.6 %) | 423 (9.1 %) | 952 (10.2 %) |
| Other | 829 (2.9 %) | 388 (2.6 %) | 123 (2.6 %) | 318(3.4%) |
| Hispanic | 3484 (12.0 %) | 1772(11.9 %)* | 559(12.0%)* | 1153 (12.3 %) |
| Acute myocardial Infraction | 4097 (14.2 %) | 1683 (11.3 %) | 792 (17.0 %)* | 1622 (17.3 %) |
| Coronary bypass | 1781 (6.2 %) | 880 (5.9 %)* | 361 (7.8 %) | 540 (5.8 %) |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 3316(11.5 %) | 1481 (10.0 %) | 663 (14.2 %) | 1172(12.5 %) |
| Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack | 1786 (6.2 %) | 988 (6.6 %) | 277 (5.9 %)* | 521 (5.6 %) |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 9211 (31.9%) | 5405 (36.3 %) | 1423 (30.6 %) | 2383 (25.4 %) |
| Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation | 591 (2.0%) | 153 (1.0%) | 102 (2.2 %) | 336 (3.6 %) |
| Mitral and/or aortic valvular disease | 6149 (21.3 %) | 3572 (24.0 %) | 964 (20.7 %) | 1613 (17.2%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1903 (6.6 %) | 999 (6.7 %) | 343 (7.4 %) | 561 (6.0 %) |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 434(1.5 %) | 269 (1.8 %) | 56(1.2%)* | 109(1.2%) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 320(1.1 %) | 94 (0.6 %) | 67(1.4%)* | 159(1.7%) |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 717 (2.5 %) | 114 (0.8%) | 112(2.4%) | 491 (5.2%) |
| Pacemaker | 1815 (6.3 %) | 874 (5.9 %) | 319(6.8%)* | 622 (6.6 %) |
| Dyslipidemia | 22,734 (78.6 %) | 11,674 (78.4%) | 3815(81.9%) | 7245 (77.3 %) |
| Hypertension | 23,173 (80.1 %) | 12,768 (85.8 %) | 3754 (80.6 %) | 6651 (71.0%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12,027 (41.6 %) | 6398 (43.0 %) | 2049 (44.0 %) | 3580 (38.2 %) |
| Hospitalized bleed | 1568 (5.4 %) | 910(6.1 %) | 255 (5.5 %) | 403 (4.3 %) |
| Diagnosed dementia | 1269 (4.4 %) | 700 (4.7 %) | 201 (4.3 %)* | 368 (3.9 %) |
| Diagnosed depression | 4943 (17.1 %) | 2839 (19.1 %) | 778 (16.7 %) | 1326(14.1 %) |
| Chronic lung disease | 10,597 (36.7 %) | 5974 (40.1 %) | 1638 (35.2 %) | 2985 (31.8%) |
| Chronic liver disease | 809 (2.8 %) | 469 (3.2 %) | 111 (2.4 %)* | 229 (2.4 %) |
| Systemic cancer | 2637 (9.1 %) | 1460 (9.8 %) | 410(8.8%)* | 767 (8.2 %) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| ≥180 | 648 (2.2 %) | 424 (2.8 %) | 99 (2.1 %) | 125 (1.3 %) |
| 160–179 | 1716(5.9%) | 1078 (7.2 %) | 262 (5.6 %) | 376 (4.0 %) |
| 140–159 | 4954 (17.1 %) | 2833 (19.0 %) | 817(17.5%) | 1304 (13.9 %) |
| 130–139 | 5795 (20.0 %) | 3174(21.3 %) | 900 (19.3 %) | 1721 (18.4%) |
| 121–129 | 4888 (16.9 %) | 2501 (16.8 %) | 805 (17.3 %) | 1582(16.9%) |
| ≤120 | 10,692 (37.0 %) | 4812(32.3 %) | 1735 (37.3 %) | 4145 (44.2 %) |
| Missing | 221 (0.8 %) | 61 (0.4 %) | 39 (0.8 %) | 121 (1.3 %) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| ≥110 | 201 (0.7 %) | 78 (0.5 %) | 31 (0.7 %) | 92 (1.0 %) |
| 100–109 | 474(1.6%) | 195 (1.3 %) | 83 (1.8 %) | 196 (2.1 %) |
| 90–99 | 1426 (4.9 %) | 662 (4.4 %) | 230 (4.9 %) | 534 (5.7 %) |
| 85–89 | 1472 (5.1 %) | 700 (4.7 %) | 236 (5.1 %) | 536 (5.7 %) |
| 81–84 | 1898 (6.6 %) | 968 (6.5 %) | 310(6.7 %) | 620 (6.6 %) |
| ≤80 | 23,222 (80.3 %) | 12,219(82.1 %) | 3728 (80.1 %) | 7275 (77.6 %) |
| Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| ≥90 | 2538 (8.8 %) | 1106(7.4%) | 404 (8.7 %) | 1028(11.0%) |
| 60–89 | 10,218 (35.3 %) | 5095 (34.2 %) | 1676 (36.0 %) | 3447 (36.8 %) |
| 45–59 | 6499 (22.5 %) | 3430 (23.0 %) | 1037 (22.3 %) | 2032 (21.7 %) |
| 30–44 | 5082 (17.6 %) | 2826 (19.0 %) | 796(17.1 %) | 1460 (15.6 %) |
| 15–29 | 2402 (8.3 %) | 1414 (9.5 %) | 349 (7.5 %) | 639 (6.8 %) |
| <15 | 383 (1.3 %) | 231 (1.6%) | 65 (1.4 %) | 87 (0.9 %) |
| Dialysis | 779 (2.7 %) | 430 (2.9 %) | 161 (3.5 %) | 188 (2.0 %) |
| Missing | 1013 (3.5 %) | 351 (2.4 %) | 169 (3.6 %) | 493 (5.3 %) |
| Baseline Dipstick Proteinuria | ||||
| Negative, trace or missing | 23,132 (80.0%) | 11,652 (78.3 %) | 3697 (79.4 %) | 7783 (83.0 %) |
| 1+ | 2611 (9.0%) | 1457 (9.8 %) | 410(8.8%) | 744 (7.9 %) |
| 2+ | 1794 (6.2 %) | 973 (6.5 %) | 286 (6.1 %) | 535 (5.7 %) |
| 3+ | 1377 (4.8 %) | 801 (5.4 %) | 264 (5.7 %) | 312(3.3 %) |
| Baseline hemoglobin (g/dL) | ||||
| ≥13.0 | 14,157 (49.0%) | 6621 (44.5 %) | 2332(50.1 %) | 5204 (55.5 %) |
| 12.0–12.9 | 5276(18.2%) | 2919(19.6%) | 857(18.4%) | 1500 (16.0 %) |
| 11.0–11.9 | 4091 (14.1 %) | 2436 (16.4 %) | 612 (13.1 %) | 1043 (11.1 %) |
| 10.0–10.9 | 2467 (8.5 %) | 1513 (10.2%) | 399 (8.6 %) | 555 (5.9 %) |
| 9.0–9.9 | 1134 (3.9%) | 695 (4.7 %) | 158 (3.4 %) | 281 (3.0%) |
| <9.0 | 539(1.9%) | 322 (2.2 %) | 89(1.9%) | 128(1.4%) |
| Missing | 1250 (4.3 %) | 377 (2.5 %) | 210 (4.5 %) | 663 (7.1 %) |
| Missing | 221 (0.8 %) | 61 (0.4 %) | 39 (0.8 %) | 121 (1.3 %) |
| HDL cholesterol (g/dL) | ||||
| ≥60 | 4696 (16.2 %) | 2737 (18.4 %) | 669 (14.4 %) | 1290 (13.8 %) |
| 50–59 | 5197(18.0%) | 2818 (18.9 %) | 779 (16.7 %) | 1600(17.1 %) |
| 40–49 | 8305 (28.7 %) | 4306 (28.9 %) | 1358 (29.2 %) | 2641 (28.2 %) |
| 35–39 | 4060 (14.0 %) | 1991 (13.4 %) | 707 (15.2 %) | 1362 (14.5 %) |
| <35 | 4475 (15.5 %) | 2090 (14.0 %) | 819(17.6%) | 1566 (16.7 %) |
| Missing | 2181 (7.5 %) | 941 (6.3 %) | 325 (7.0 %) | 915 (9.8 %) |
| LDL cholesterol (g/dL) | ||||
| ≥200 | 285 (1.0%) | 122 (0.8 %) | 59 (1.3 %) | 104(1.1 %) |
| 160–199 | 1033 (3.6 %) | 512(3.4%) | 157 (3.4 %) | 364 (3.9 %) |
| 130–159 | 2732 (9.4 %) | 1345 (9.0 %) | 455 (9.8 %) | 932 (9.9 %) |
| 100–129 | 6297 (21.8 %) | 3325 (22.3 %) | 975 (20.9 %) | 1997 (21.3 %) |
| 70–99 | 10,555 (36.5 %) | 5537 (37.2 %) | 1696 (36.4 %) | 3322 (35.4 %) |
| <70 | 5678 (19.6 %) | 3037 (20.4 %) | 968 (20.8 %) | 1673 (17.8 %) |
| Missing | 2334 (8.1 %) | 1005 (6.8 %) | 347 (7.5 %) | 982 (10.5 %) |
| Baseline medication use | ||||
| ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker | 18,312(63.3 %) | 9192 (61.8%) | 3082 (66.2 %) | 6038 (64.4 %) |
| Aldosterone receptor blocker | 2032 (7.0 %) | 676 (4.5 %) | 327 (7.0 %) | 1029(11.0%) |
| Beta blocker | 19,334 (66.9 %) | 10,331 (69.4%) | 3235 (69.5 %) | 5768 (61.5 %) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 9055 (31.3 %) | 5859 (39.4 %) | 1401 (30.1 %) | 1795 (19.1 %) |
| Digoxin | 4507 (15.6 %) | 2078 (14.0 %) | 692 (14.9 %) | 1737(18.5%) |
| Hydralazine | 2529 (8.7 %) | 1466 (9.9 %) | 387 (8.3 %) | 676 (7.2 %) |
| Diuretic | 18,958 (65.6 %) | 10,287 (69.1 %) | 2971 (63.8%) | 5700 (60.8 %) |
| Nitrates | 6980 (24.1 %) | 3376 (22.7 %) | 1292 (27.7 %) | 2312(24.7%) |
| Statin | 17,428 (60.3 %) | 8989 (60.4 %) | 2950 (63.3 %) | 5489 (58.6 %) |
| Other lipid-lowering drug | 1569 (5.4 %) | 812(5.5%)* | 295 (6.3 %) | 462 (4.9 %) |
| Antiplatelet agent | 3406(11.8%) | 1602 (10.8 %) | 680 (14.6 %) | 1124(12.0%) |
| Anticoagulant | 7178 (24.8 %) | 3982 (26.8 %) | 1128 (24.2%) | 2068 (22.1 %) |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 3232(11.2%) | 1754(11.8 %) | 502 (10.8 %)* | 976 (10.4 %) |
*
All comparisons in preserved EF versus reduced EF and borderline EF versus reduced EF groups were statistically significant using a p value <0.05 except where noted by an asterisk. ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; HDL = high density lipoprotein; HFbEF = heart failure with borderline ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LDL = low density lipoprotein; SD = standard deviation.