Fig. 1.

S. flexneri membrane remnants recruit inflammasome components and ubiquitin. HeLa cells were infected with S. flexneri M90T-green fluorescent protein (green) for 30 min (a-c) at 37°C and then processed for labeling. Specific primary antibodies were used, by immunostaining, to visualize endogenous NOD1 (red) and galectin-3 (blue; a), transfected Ipaf-Flag (red) and galectin-3 (blue; b), and galectin-3 (blue; b, c) and the FLICA-1 reagent was used to detect caspase-1 (red). d HeLa cells were infected by S. flexneri for 45 min at 37°C before processing for immunoelectron microscopy for detection of polyubiquitin (FK1 antibody) and galectin-3 using 6- and 10-nm gold-conjugated secondary antibodies, respectively [see also ref. [6]].