Fig. 3.

9cisRA inhibits LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine mRNA but induces CCL2. DMSO (0.1%, control) or 9cisRA were added to cultures of adherent human monocytes from 5 separate donors 1 h before stimulation with LPS (1 μg/ml). The cells were then incubated for 2 h, and total RNA was isolated and analyzed by quantitative PCR. a–f Relative levels normalized for 18S rRNA. Levels after exposure to LPS alone were set to 1 for each donor. ** p ≤ 0.01. *** p ≤ 0.001.