Fig. 4.

No effects of 9cisRA on protein kinases were involved in LPS signaling. Cultures of human adherent monocytes from 5 separate donors were exposed to LPS (1 μg/ml) or saline, following a 1-hour pretreatment by 9cisRA (1 μM) or DMSO. The cells were harvested and lysed after 20 min. Levels of intracellular phosphoproteins and total proteins were measured by a multiplex luminex assay. Data are presented as the amount of phosphorylated signaling proteins (p-X) divided by the total number of signaling proteins (tot-X) present. a–d Levels from cells treated with DMSO alone (0.1%, negative control) were set to 1. A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered a significant difference.