Fig. 5.

CCL2 tends to be induced by both 9cisRA and atRA in combination with LPS stimulation. Cultured human adherent monocytes from 5 separate donors were exposed to saline or LPS (1 μg/ml) alone or after a 1-hour pretreatment with 9cisRA, atRA or DMSO (control). After 6 h, the supernatants were harvested. The level of CCL2 was measured using a Flow Cytomix bead-based assay. * p ≤ 0.05.

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