Fig. 2.

Release of mucosal antibacterial activity by microbial stimuli and endogenous immune mediators. Ileal mucosal tissue planted in Ussing chambers was left untreated or stimulated for 45 min with microbial stimuli such as MDP (100 µg/ml; a), LPS (100 ng/ml; b), poly(I:C) (10 ng/ml; c) and CpG DNA (1 µg/ml; d), as well as endogenous immune mediators such as IL-22 (10 ng/ml; e), IL-28 (10 ng/ml; f), IL-15 (10 ng/ml; g) and IFN-γ (10 ng/ml; h), and the tissue supernatant was analyzed at 5-20× dilutions for its antibacterial activity against the indicator strain Bm11. Values are means ± SD and indicate a representative dataset of 3-12 independent experiments. n.s. = Not significant.