TABLE 2.

Select Prospective Studies Evaluating Interventions to Improve HIV Linkage to Care

Reference, Year, First Author [Reference Number]	Study Name and Design	Interventions	Study Population	Primary Outcomes
2005 Gardner25	ARTAS	Short-term strengths-based case management vs passive referral (see text above for more information)	Adult patients with recently diagnosed of HIV infection, recruited from health department testing centers, STD clinics, hospitals, and community-based organizations in Atlanta, Baltimore, Los Angeles, and Miami	A higher proportion of the case management participants than passive referral participants visited an HIV clinician at least twice within 12 mo (64% vs 49%, RR 1.41, P< 0.01). Program cost was $1171 per client.
	Randomized controlled study
2008 Craw23	ARTAS-II	Short-term strengths-based case management (see above)	Adult patients with recently diagnosed of HIV infection, recruited from 10 sites including health departments/STD clinics; CBOs; CDC-funded HIV counseling, testing, and referral sites across the United States	79% of participants visited an HIV clinician at least once within the first 6 mo after intervention
	Prospective, nonrandomized
2009 Coleman26	Outreach Initiative	Outreach, making contacts to provide services of appointment coordination, relationship building, service coordination, accompany clients to appointment, counseling, HIV education/risk reduction education, and health care referrals	Newly diagnosed patients, recruited from 10 sites participating in the Outreach Initiative in Seattle; Portland; Los Angeles; Detroit; Miami; Washington, DC; New York city; Providence; and Boston	90% linkage to care in the 6 mo after enrollment
	Prospective, nonrandomized
2006 Molitor27	California Bridge Project	Outreach, direct hiring peer-based bridge workers to provide services of assessment of barriers to care, appropriate referrals such as HIV care, support groups, benefits counseling, drug, or alcohol treatment	People who had known HIV infection but were not in care for an average period of 1.5 y, recruited from the streets and referred to 21 sites throughout California	29% linkage to care
	Prospective, nonrandomized
2011 Hightow-Weidan and 2010 Magnus28,29	HRSA Special Projects of National Significance	8 sites each providing a distinct set of services including one or more of the following: intensive case management, motivational interviewing, youth-centered services, peer outreach, and social marketing. All included an explicit youth-focused feature.	Young MSM of color who had HIV	Receipt of any program service and feeling respected at the clinic were both significantly associated with being less likely to miss a visit (OR 0.16 and 0.06, respectively).
	Prospective, nonrandomized	87% of young MSM were linked to care within 90 d of diagnosis.

CBO indicates community-based organization; HRSA, Health Resources and Services Administration; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.