Table 1. Primer sets for amplification of carbapenemase and extended spectrum β-lactamase genes.

Gene	Primer sequence (5’→3’)	Amplicon size (bp)	PCR cycling conditions	Reference
blaIMP	Forward—GGAATAGAGTGGCTTAAYTCTC Reverse–GGTTTAAYAAAACAACCACC	232	Initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 1 minute, annealing at 58°C for 30 seconds, and elongation at 72°C for 1 minute 30 seconds, followed by a final elongation step at 72°C for 10 minutes	Poirel et al. [19]
blaVIM	Forward—GATGGTGTTTGGTCGCATA Reverse—CGAATGCGCAGCACCAG	390		Poirel et al. [19]
blaOXA-48	Forward—GCGTGGTTAAGGATGAACAC Reverse–CATCAAGTTCAACCCAACCG	438		Poirel et al. [19]
blaNDM	Forward—GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC Reverse–CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC	621		Poirel et al. [19]
]blaKPC	Forward—CGTCTAGTTCTGCTGTCTTG Reverse–CTTGTCATCCTTGTTAGGCG	798		Poirel et al. [19]
blaTEM	Forward—TCAACATTTTGTCGTCG Reverse–CTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTA	860	Initial denaturation 15 minutes at 95°C and 35 cycles of 1 minute at 94°C, 1 minute at an annealing temperature of 47°C and 50°C designed for each primer set for TEM and SHV respectively, and 1 min at 55°C, followed by 10 minutes at 72°C for the final extension.	Schlesinger et al. [20]
blaSHV	Forward—TTTATCGGCCYTCACTCAAGG Reverse–GCTGCGGGCCGGATAACG	930		Schlesinger et al. [20]
ERIC	Forward- AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG Reverse-ATGTAAGCTCCTGGGGATTCAC		Reaction conditions were: 95°C for 15 minutes and 45 cycles of 94°C for 30 seconds, 45°C for 45 seconds, and 72°C for 7 minutes, followed by a final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes	Ye et al. [21]

Key: IMP, imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas; VIM, Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase; OXA-48, oxacillinase-48; NDM, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase; KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; TEM-1, Temoniera-1; SHV-1, sulphydry1 variable-1; ERIC, Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus.