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. 2019 Aug 8;34(6):766–779. doi: 10.1037/pag0000385

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© 2019 The Author(s)

This article has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s). Author(s) grant(s) the American Psychological Association the exclusive right to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.

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Simplified path diagram of the latent difference score model testing for associations between change in hearing ability and change in cognitive ability. The correlation between level and change variables cannot be estimated in latent change score models with categorical variables (Newsom, 2015); therefore, the correlation between hearing ability level and change was omitted. All other elements are as described in Figure 2.