Table 1. Sample Characteristics at Ages 76 and 79.
| Variable | Age 76 all | n | Age 76 completers | Age 79 | n | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Note. NART = National Adult Reading Test; WTAR = The Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score; HMSO social class = Her Majesty’s Stationery Office social class. Data are shown as mean (SD) or n (%). p is for within-participant change in cognitive test scores between age 76 and 79. | ||||||
| Matrix reasoning | 13.05 (4.90) | 688 | 13.35 (4.90) | 12.98 (5.01) | 523 | .017 |
| Block design | 32.21 (9.93) | 690 | 32.76 (9.75) | 31.34 (9.66) | 523 | <.001 |
| Spatial span | 14.63 (2.71) | 689 | 14.83 (2.67) | 14.16 (2.72) | 524 | <.001 |
| Paired associates | 26.41 (9.56) | 663 | 27.29 (9.25) | 27.31 (9.44) | 487 | .055 |
| Logical memory | 74.63 (19.17) | 687 | 75.84 (18.41) | 73.07 (20.29) | 530 | <.001 |
| Digit span | 7.77 (2.37) | 694 | 7.91 (2.41) | 7.58 (2.18) | 536 | <.001 |
| NART | 35.04 (8.02) | 694 | 35.62 (7.94) | 35.72 (8.10) | 534 | .427 |
| WTAR | 41.11 (7.01) | 693 | 41.58 (6.91) | 41.74 (6.97) | 534 | .135 |
| Verbal fluency | 42.91 (12.77) | 695 | 43.78 (12.72) | 43.75 (13.31) | 535 | .966 |
| Digit symbol | 53.85 (12.90) | 684 | 55.48 (12.21) | 51.44 (12.92) | 523 | <.001 |
| Symbol search | 24.62 (6.44) | 686 | 25.28 (6.24) | 22.72 (6.73) | 517 | <.001 |
| Reaction time | .68 (.10) | 684 | .67 (.09) | .71 (.11) | 531 | <.001 |
| Inspection time | 110.14 (12.55) | 654 | 110.97 (11.83) | 107.05 (13.60) | 458 | <.001 |
| Hearing impairment | 689 | 525 | <.001 | |||
| Not impaired | 276 (40.1) | 219 (41.2) | 187 (35.6) | |||
| Mild | 303 (44.0) | 229 (43.1) | 232 (44.2) | |||
| Moderate/severe | 110 (16.0) | 83 (15.4) | 106 (20.2) | |||
| Smoking status | 695 | 538 | .123 | |||
| Nonsmoker | 358 (51.5) | 297 (55.2) | 288 (53.5) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 293 (42.2) | 222 (41.3) | 229 (42.6) | |||
| Smoker | 44 (6.3) | 19 (3.5) | 21 (3.9) | |||
| Diabetes | 82 (11.8) | 696 | 59 (11.0) | 69 (12.9) | 536 | .003 |
| CVD | 235 (33.8) | 695 | 184 (34.2) | 197 (36.7) | 537 | .076 |
| Stroke | 73 (10.5) | 696 | 55 (10.2) | 67 (12.5) | 535 | .023 |
| Hypertension | 377 (54.2) | 695 | 285 (53.0) | 313 (58.2) | 538 | <.001 |
| HADS | 7.56 (4.51) | 695 | 7.36 (4.45) | 7.03 (4.46) | 536 | .026 |
| Age | 76.25 (.68) | 696 | 76.24 (.67) | 79.31 (.62) | 538 | |
| Follow-up years | 3.08 (.28) | 538 | ||||
| Use hearing aid | 136 (19.5) | 696 | 113 (21.0) | |||
| Female | 336 (48.3) | 696 | 266 (49.4) | |||
| Age 11 IQ | 101.62 (15.16) | 654 | 102.10 (14.99) | |||
| HMSO social class | 687 | |||||
| Professional | 142 (20.7) | 124 (23.4) | ||||
| Managerial | 266 (38.7) | 208 (39.3) | ||||
| Nonmanual | 141 (20.5) | 103 (19.5) | ||||
| Skilled manual | 110 (16.0) | 75 (14.2) | ||||
| Partly/unskilled | 28 (4.0) | 19 (3.6) | ||||