Table 1.

Summary of the effect of various HIV proteins on metabolic pathways in cells of the CNS (↑ increase, ↓ decrease, UNK – unknown).

	Tat	gp120	Vpr	Nef	reference
Mitochondrial Integrity
Morphology	↑ fragmentati on	↑ fragmentation	↑ fragmentation	↑ fragmentation	[54, 59, 64, 83]
Membrane Potential	↓ neurons ↑ astrocytes ↓ microglia	↓ neurons and astrocytes	↓ neurons	↓ neurons	[59, 61–64, 81, 83, 84, 90, 153]
Oxidative Capacity	↑ astrocytes ↓ microglia	↓ neurons ↓ oligodendrocyt es ↑ microglia	UNK	UNK	[54, 60, 83, 84, 90, 111, 152]
ATP Levels	↓↑ neurons ↑ astrocytes ↓ microglia	↓ neurons ↑ microglia	↓ neurons	↓ neurons	[44, 54, 60–65, 83, 84, 152]
ROS Generation	↑	↑	↑	↑	[63, 64, 80, 81]
Glycolysis
Glycolytic Rate	↓ microglia	↑ microglia	UNK	UNK	[90, 152]
Lactate Production	↓ astrocytes	UNK	UNK	UNK	[84]
Calcium Signaling
Dysregulation of Ca²⁺	↑ Ca²⁺ influx ↑ Ca²⁺ levels	↑ Ca²⁺ influx ↑ Ca²⁺ levels	↑ Ca²⁺ influx ↑ Ca²⁺ levels	UNK	[34, 35, 37, 82, 84, 110, 166]
ER stress	↑ neurons ↑ astrocytes	↑ astrocytes	↑ neurons	UNK	[77–79]