Table 2.

Difference-in-Difference Estimates of Effects of PPACA Medicaid Expansion on the Likelihood of Dental Visits among Non-elderly Adults below 138% FPL by State Generosity of Dental Benefit Coverage

Dental Benefit Generosity	N	Pre-Mean	Year 2014*Medicaid Expansion		Year 2016*Medicaid Expansion
Extensive Dental Benefit	90308	0.491	0.004	(0.017)	0.058***	(0.020)
Limited Dental Benefit	88410	0.472	0.012	(0.017)	0.011	(0.018)
Emergency Dental Benefit	77690	0.472	−0.041**(+)	(0.016)	−0.071**(+)	(0.028)

Notes: Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered by state. These effects were estimated from the difference-in-differences model and represent the change in likelihood of use of dental services in 2014 and 2016 versus 2012 as a result of the Medicaid expansions. All regressions controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, marital status, household income, homeownership status, phone usage and state and year fixed effects, and were weighted by BRFSS sampling weights.

⁽⁺⁾indicates that there are differential pre-trends between expanding states offering only emergency dental coverage and non-expanding states which suggests that the difference-in-difference estimates are confounded and should be viewed with caution.

^*Significant at 10 percent level;

^**significant at 5 percent level;

^***significant at 1 percent level.