Table 3.

Difference-in-Difference Estimates of Effects of PPACA Medicaid Expansion on the Likelihood of Dental Visits among Non-elderly Adults below 138% FPL by State Generosity of Dental Benefit Coverage Stratifying by Age, Race/Ethnicity, Gender and Parental Status

	N	Pre-Mean	Year 2014*Medicaid Expansion		Year 2016*Medicaid Expansion
Extensive Dental Benefit
Non-Hispanic Whites	50813	0.472	−0.016	(0.022)	0.042**	(0.019)
Non-Whites	39495	0.505	0.012	(0.021)	0.062**	(0.027)
Male	33553	0.452	−0.026	(0.025)	0.021	(0.026)
Female	56752	0.519	0.027*	(0.014)	0.085***	(0.026)
Childless Adults	44837	0.459	0.002	(0.018)	0.039*	(0.021)
Parents	45471	0.515	0.007	(0.023)	0.072***	(0.023)
Limited Dental Benefit
Non-Hispanic Whites	53637	0.459	0.013	(0.017)	0.017	(0.021)
Non-Whites	34773	0.486	0.014	(0.030)	0.011	(0.025)
Male	32608	0.427	−0.001	(0.027)	−0.028	(0.028)
Female	55799	0.505	0.023	(0.017)	0.042**	(0.020)
Childless Adults	44587	0.430	0.027	(0.021)	0.024	(0.023)
Parents	43823	0.506	−0.002	(0.028)	−0.001	(0.026)

Notes: Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered by state. These effects were estimated from the difference-in-differences model and represent the change in likelihood of use of dental services in 2014 and 2016 versus 2012 as a result of the Medicaid expansions. All regressions controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, marital status, household income, homeownership status, phone usage and state and year fixed effects, and were weighted by BRFSS sampling weights.

^*Significant at 10 percent level;

^**significant at 5 percent level;

^***significant at 1 percent level.