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. 2019 Sep 12;10:4138. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11557-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — LDT-NAc optical inhibition decreases preference and motivation. a Schematic representation of the two-choice task. Pressing stim- lever yields one food pellet and pressing stim+ lever delivers a pellet + optical inhibition of LDT-NAc inputs (4s at constant light). b Time-course representation of the responses in NpHR (n = 10) and YFP (n = 4) rats. Optogenetic inhibition of LDT-NAc terminals shifts preference for the non-stimulated lever (stim-) in NpHR animals, but no preference is observed in YFP group. c In pellet extinction conditions, both groups decrease responses for both levers. d In laser extinction conditions, pressing either lever originates the delivery of a pellet, and stim+ no longer yields laser stimulation. NpHR animals still prefer stim- lever; YFP animals do not manifest preference. e Progressive ratio task. f Cumulative presses performed during the progressive ratio task show that NpHR animals press less on stim+ lever. g Decrease in breakpoint for stim+ lever in NpHR animals. h Number of food pellets earned during progressive ratio sessions. i CPP and m RTPP paradigms, in which one chamber is associated with NpHR-mediated inhibition of LDT-NAc projections (ON side). j Total time spent in the OFF and ON sides. k Ratio of preference after CPP conditioning and l time difference on the ON and OFF sides, showing no preference/avoidance in any of the groups. n Representative tracks for an NpHR and a YFP animal during RTPP. o Percentage and p difference of time spent on the ON and OFF sides, showing no difference between groups. Values are shown as mean ± s.e.m. *refers to difference between NpHR stim+ and stim- levers, RM 2way ANOVA; ^refers to difference between NpHR stim+ and YFP stim+ levers, RM 2way ANOVA. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001