Table 1.
Sample characteristics and methods of eligible studies.
| First author (year) | Sample characteristics |
Methods |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | No. of parks | No. of participants | Female (%) | Age (year) | Data types | Measures of park-based PA | Measures of environments | |
| Babey (2015)11 | US | — | 3638 | 51.1 | 12–17 | CD, S | SI | SI |
| Bai (2013)5 | US | — | 893 | 60.7 | 18–64 | CD, S | SI | SI |
| Bocarro (2015)41 | US | 20 | — | — | — | DO | SOPARC | EAPRS |
| Cohen (2010)6 | US | 30 | 4257 | — | — | CD, DO, OA, S | SOPARC | SI |
| Cohen (2012)42 | US | 50 | — | — | — | DO, OA | SOPARC | SOPARC |
| Coughenour(2014)43 | US | 10 | — | — | — | CD, DO, OA | SOPLAY | GIS, PARA |
| Dunton (2014)26 | US | — | 135 | — | 8–14 | OA, S | Accelerometer, GPS | GIS, Gmaps, NDVI, NEWS, |
| Edwards (2014)44 | AU | — | 1304 | — | 12–15 | OA, S | APARQ | Aerial imagery, GIS |
| Edwards (2015)9 | AU | 58 | 1304 | — | 12–15 | OA, S | SI | GIS, NDVI, POSDAT |
| Esteban-Cornejo (2016)34 | US | — | 928 | — | 12–16 | CD, OA, S | SI | GIS, NEWS |
| Floyd (2011)29 | US | 20 | — | — | 0–18 | DO, OA | SOPARC | EAPRS |
| French (2017)22 | US | — | 534a | — | — | DO, OA, S | SI | PIN3, SI |
| Kaczynski (2008)27 | CA | 33 | 380 | 63.8 | 18–88 | DO, OA | PA log booklet | EAPRS |
| Kaczynski (2009)28 | CA | — | 384 | 62.8 | 18–88 | OA, S | PA log booklet | GIS |
| Kaczynski (2010)45 | CA | 32 | 384 | — | 18–88 | DO, OA, S | PA log booklet | EAPRS, GIS, NEWS |
| Kaczynski (2014)10 | US | 146 | 893 | 60.8 | 18–98 | DO, OA, S | PA-PS | CPAT, GIS |
| Kaczynski (2014)32 | US | 146 | 893 | 60.8 | 18–98 | OA, S | PA-PS | GIS |
| Lackey (2009)33 | CA | 54 | 574 | 55.4 | 18–88 | DO, OA, S | PA log booklet | EAPRS, GIS, NEWS |
| Loukaitou-Sideris (2009)30 | US | 100 | 897 | — | 10–13 | DO, OA | SOPLAY | GIS, SOPLAY |
| Parra (2010)31 | CO | — | 1966 | — | 60–98 | OA, S | SI | GIS |
| Reis (2009)20 | BR | — | 1718 | — | 14–18 | S | SI | SI |
| Ries (2009)23 | US | — | 329 | 59.0 | — | OA, S | SI | GIS, SI |
| Rung (2011)25 | US | 37 | — | — | — | DO, OA, S | SOPARC | BRAT-DO, GIS |
| Spengler (2011)24 | US | 28 | — | — | 0–10 | CD, DO | SOPLAY | Audit tool |
| van Dyck (2013)46 | BE, US | 20 | — | — | — | DO, OA | SOPARC | EAPRS, GIS |
Note: — indicates not relevant;
Abbreviations: PA = physical activity. Country: AU = Australia; BE = Belgium; BR = Brazil; CA = Canada; CO = Colombia; US = United States.
Data types: CD = census data; DO = direct observation; OA = objective approach (e.g., accelerometer, Google maps), S = survey.
Measures: APARQ = Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire47; BRAT-DO = the Bedimo-Rung Assessment Tools48; CPAT = the Community Park Audit Tool49; EAPRS = the Environmental Assessment for Public Recreation Spaces instrument50; GIS = Geographic Information System; Gmaps = Google maps; GPS = Global Positioning System; NEWS = Neighborhood Environment Walkability Survey; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; PA log booklet = 7-day physical activity log booklet; PA-PS = the Physical Activity in Park Settings questionnaire52; PARA = the Physical Activity Resource Assessment53; PIN3 = the 3rd Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN3) neighborhood audit instrument55; POSDAT = Public Open Space Desktop Auditing Tool51; SI = the survey instrument was based on previous studies or developed by the authors; SOPARC = System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities54; SOPLAY = the System for Observing Play and Leisure Among Youth55.
indicates parent–child dyads.