Table 1.
Characteristics of general population.
| All patients N = 700 | HFrEF N = 408 | HFmrEF N = 117 | HFpEF N = 175 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.8 ± 12.4 | 65.3 ± 12.9 | 67.3 ± 11.9 | 71.4 ± 9.8d |
| Males (%) | 74 | 78 | 76 | 65c |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.2 | 31.4 ± 8.7d, f |
| NYHA I-II/III-IV (%) | 67/33 | 63/37 | 76/24 | 70/30 |
| DCM (%) | 43 | 54 | 51 | 12d, f |
| ICM(%) | 38 | 44 | 46 | 18d, f |
| Other etiology (%) | 19 | 2 | 3 | 70d, f |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 29 | 24 | 31 | 40c |
| Systemic hypertension (%) | 59 | 50 | 63 | 75d |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 31 | 30 | 28 | 35 |
| COPD (%) | 18 | 15 | 19 | 26c |
| Anemia (%) | 34 | 31 | 31 | 44c |
| Hb (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.4 ± 1.7 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8d, e |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.5c |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 64 (49–81) | 62 (48–78) | 67 (49–87) | 67 (51–83) |
| TSH (μUI/mL) | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.2–1.0) |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 37.9 ± 13.9 | 28.3 ± 6.8 | 43.1 ± 2.8b | 57.3 ± 6.8d, f |
| LA volume (mL/m2) | 40.3 ± 14.2 | 40.6 ± 12.8 | 36.6 ± 11.3a | 39.1 ± 11.0 |
| Diastolic dysfunction II-III (%) | 29 | 48 | 30a | 21d |
| Moderate-severe MR (%) | 43 | 48 | 28a | 40 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 18.5 ± 5.0 | 17.7 ± 4.9 | 18.7 ± 5.1 | 20.0 ± 4.9d |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 41.8 ± 12.6 | 43.3 ± 12.5 | 40.0 ± 12.6a | 39.7 ± 12.3c |
| Neurohormonal activation | ||||
| Hs-Troponin T (ng/L) | 20.4 (12.3–42.8) | 20.3 (12.7–34.9) | 38.8 (19.7–62.6) | 20.3 (12.2–46.6) |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1,214 (459–2,938) | 1,569 (669–3,715) | 657 (219–2,127)b | 809 (340–1,876)d |
| Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | 432 (284–634) | 471 (300–657) | 385 (254–512)a | 397 (246–669) |
| Aldosterone (pg/mL) | 123 (74–193) | 127 (79–198) | 113 (74–185) | 110 (48–188) |
| PRA (ng/mL/h) | 0.9 (0.2–2.6) | 1.1 (0.3–3.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.4)b | 0.3 (0.2–1.1)d |
| Peak VO2 (%) | 57.7 ± 17.1 | 54.7 ± 16.4 | 66.1 ± 17.2b | 60.8 ± 16.6c |
| VE/VCO2 slope | 33.2 ± 8.1 | 33.8 ± 8.4 | 30.2 ± 6.7a | 33.9 ± 5.5e |
| Therapy | ||||
| β-blockers (%) | 89 | 96 | 96 | 68d, f |
| ACEi/ARB (%) | 87 | 94 | 88 | 69d, e |
| MRA (%) | 68 | 83 | 55b | 41d |
| Furosemide (%) | 47 | 48 | 40 | 62c, e |
| ICD/CRT-D (%) | 22/19 | 35/26 | 6/4b | 2/13d |
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease-MDRD formula); Hb, hemoglobin; Hs, high sensitive; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MR, mitral regurgitation; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NT-proBNP, N-terminal fraction of pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; PRA, plasmatic renin activity; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; VE/VCO2, ventilation to carbon dioxide production ratio; VO2, oxygen consumption.
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with normal distribution, median (interquartile range) for variables with skewed distribution and percentages for categorical variables.
p < 0.05 HFrEF vs. HFmrEF.
p < 0.001 HFrEF vs. HFmrEF.
p < 0.05 HFrEF vs. HFpEF.
p < 0.001 HFrEF vs. HFpEF.
p < 0.05 HFmrEF vs. HFpEF.
p < 0.001 HFmrEF vs. HFpEF.