Table 4.
Associations of Pre- and Early Pregnancy Onset Depression with Gestational Weight Gain Rate Starting at Depression Screening or Diagnosis (lbs/Week) Stratified by Prepregnancy Body Mass Index Category
| N | Mean differencea (95% CI) | N | RRa (95% CI) for GWG rate below the IOM recommendations | N | RRa (95% CI) for GWG rate above the IOM recommendations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | ||||||
| No pre- or early pregnancy depression | 1962 | Reference | 1096 | Reference | 258 | Reference |
| Prepregnancy onset depression | 244 | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | 93 | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.11) | 35 | Did not converge |
| Early pregnancy onset depression | 188 | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11) | 122 | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.22) | 49 | |
| Normal weight | ||||||
| No pre- or early pregnancy depression | 35,593 | Reference | 9421 | Reference | 16,604 | Reference |
| Prepregnancy onset depression | 3383 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 806 | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20) | 1574 | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.10) |
| Early pregnancy onset depression | 3044 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 854 | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.08) | 1694 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) |
| Overweight | ||||||
| No pre- or early pregnancy depression | 19,632 | Reference | 2649 | Reference | 14,004 | Reference |
| Prepregnancy onset depression | 2011 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 315 | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.25) | 1499 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) |
| Early pregnancy onset depression | 2097 | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.08) | 309 | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.31) | 1416 | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) |
| Obese | ||||||
| No pre- or early pregnancy depression | 15,380 | Reference | 3804 | Reference | 9042 | Reference |
| Prepregnancy onset depression | 1699 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | 666 | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) | 1343 | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) |
| Early pregnancy onset depression | 2367 | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 431 | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1017 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) |
a
Model is adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American/multiracial, other/unknown), nulliparity (Y/N), Medicaid (Y/N), smoking in first 20 weeks of pregnancy (Y/N), alcohol use in first 20 weeks of pregnancy (Y/N), and severity of early pregnancy depressive symptoms (mild, moderate, severe).
P for interaction = 0.17 for mean difference, 0.20 for GWG below IOM, <0.0001 for GWG above IOM (excluding underweight).