Table 1.
Socio demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants attending antenatal care at Gondar town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia: March 2018–January 2019 (N = 1027)
| Variables | n (%) or mean ± SD | t/× 2 | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total participants (n = 1027) | Normal (n = 896) | GDM (n = 131) | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 27.22 ± 5.241 | 26.69 ± 5.047 | 30.86 ± 5.109 | 8.827 | < 0.001 |
| < 25 | 323 (31.5) | 304 (94.1) | 19 (5.9) | 61.108 | < 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 366 (35.6) | 335 (91.5) | 31 (8.5) | ||
| 30–34 | 214 (20.8) | 168 (78.5) | 46 (21.5) | ||
| ≥ 35 | 124 (12.1) | 89 (71.8) | 35 (28.2) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 945 (92) | 831(87.9) | 114 (12.1) | 5.094 | 0.024 |
| Single and othersa | 82 (8.0) | 65 (79.3) | 17 (20.7) | ||
| Educational level | |||||
| Not formal education | 200 (19.5) | 168 (84) | 32 (16.0)) | 5.472 | 0.065 |
| Primary education | 229 (22.3) | 194 (84.7) | 35 (15.3) | ||
| Secondary education and above | 598 (58.2) | 534 (89.3) | 64 (10.7) | ||
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 621 (60.5) | 556 (89.5) | 65 (10.5) | 7.393 | 0.007 |
| Employed | 406 (39.5) | 340 (83.7) | 66 (16.3) | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 935 (91) | 812 (86.8) | 123 (13.2) | 1.497 | 0.221 |
| Rural | 92 (9.0) | 84 (91.3) | 8 (8.7) | ||
| Monthly income (birr) | 3159.7 ± 2973.05 | 3155.17 ± 2952.66 | 3190.8 ± 3120.55 | 0.128 | 0.898 |
| < 1500 | 236 (23) | 203 (86) | 33 (14) | 1.641 | 0.650 |
| 1500–2499 | 257 (25) | 230 (89.5) | 27 (10.5) | ||
| 2500–3999 | 230 (22.4) | 199 (86.5) | 31 (13.5) | ||
| ≥ 4000 | 304 (29.6) | 264(86.8) | 40 (13.2) | ||
| Family history of DM | |||||
| No | 965 (94) | 862 (89.3) | 103 (10.7) | 62.264 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 62 (6) | 34 (54.8) | 28 (45.2) | ||
| Parity | 0.92 ± 1.208 | 0.91 ± 1.227 | 1.02 ± 1.063 | 1.013 | 0.311 |
| Nullipara | 504 (49.1) | 449 (89.1) | 55 (10.9) | 5.717 | 0.057 |
| Primipara | 277 (27) | 243 (87.7) | 34 (12.3) | ||
| Multipara | 246 (24) | 204 (82.9) | 42 (17.1) | ||
| Gravidity | 2.12 ± 1.354 | 2.09 ± 1.364 | 2.32 ± 1.267 | 1.838 | 0.066 |
| Primigravida | 439 (42.7) | 395 (90) | 44 (10) | 5.146 | 0.023 |
| Multigravida | 588 (57.3) | 501 (85.2) | 87 (14.8) | ||
| MUAC | 24.77 ± 3.08 | 24.52 ± 2.837 | 26.47 ± 4.014 | 6.93 | < 0.001 |
| MUAC < 28 cm | 852 (83) | 767 (90) | 85 (10) | 34.700 | < 0.001 |
| MUAC ≥28 cm | 175 (17) | 129 (73.7) | 46 (26.3) | ||
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.07 ± 11.91 | 111.57 ± 11.31 | 115.46 ± 15.01 | 3.508 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.91 ± 10.22 | 71.60 ± 9.88 | 74.05 ± 12.09 | 2.565 | 0.010 |
| Blood glucose levelb | |||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 81.17 ± 12.960 | 78.3 ± 9.55 | 100.81 ± 15.88 | 22.779 | < 0.001 |
| 1-h blood glucose (OGTT) (mg/dl) | 140.69 ± 24.55 | 137.31 ± 22.0 | 163.82 ± 28.42 | 12.368 | < 0.001 |
| 2-h blood glucose (OGTT) (mg/dl) | 119.10 ± 19.75 | 116.22 ± 17.40 | 138.76 ± 23.40 | 13.188 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl)c | 12.609 ± 1.75 | 12.64 ± 1.74 | 12.39 ± 1.80 | −1.545 | 0.123 |
| Normal (Hb ≥ 11 g/dl) | 874 (86.6) | 769 (88.0) | 105 (12.0) | 1.949 | 0.163 |
| Anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) | 135 (13.4) | 113 (83.7) | 22 (16.3) | ||
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, h hour, t student t value, x2 chi square, Hb hemoglobin, g/dl gram per deciliter, mg/dl milligram deciliter, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, MUAC Mid upper arm circumference
aDivorced or widowed
bBlood glucose value at regular time (24–28 weeks)
c18 participants were missed (N = 1009)