Table 4.

Summary of 4 studies that included data derived from nondedicated ICT^a solutions use, for example, secondary analysis of everyday computer use and pill box use (Group 4).

First author (year), country	Technology description	Study description: design; number and type of subjects (number living aloneb, if relevant) and setting; duration	Cognitive status and number of participants; age; number of male and female participants	Main results
Hayes (2009), United States [39]	Adherence to a twice-daily vitamin C regimen measured using an electronic 7-day pill box	Observational cross-sectional study; 38 participants living independently in the community; 5 weeks	A high cognitive function group (MMSEc=28.8) and a low cognitive function group (MMSE=28.0); mean age 82.8 years; 68% female	The low cognitive function group was significantly less adherent than the healthy elders. Very mild cognitive impairment had a detrimental and significant impact on medication adherence.
Kaye (2014), United States [10]	Remotely monitored computer use	Comparative observational study; 113 elderly living independently and alone or who were the only computer user; mean 36-month follow-up	38 MCId and 75 cognitively intact; mean age 85 years; 92% female	Decrease in number of days with use, mean daily usage, and an increase in day-to-day use variability in MCI subjects.
Seelye (2015), United States [40]	Mouse pointer movement variables were computed during routine home computer use using algorithms that identified and characterized mouse movements within each computer use session	Observational comparative study; 62 older adults living at home alone or who were the only computer user in the household; 1 week	42 healthy (MMSE=28.8), 20 MCI (MMSE=27.3); mean age 87.9 and 87.5 years, respectively; 88% and 80% female, respectively	MCI was associated with making significantly fewer mouse moves and making mouse movements that were more variable, less efficient, and with longer pauses. Mouse movement significantly associated with several cognitive domains.
Austin (2017), United States [12]	Computer monitoring software used to track the terms people entered while conducting Internet searches as a measure of language and cognition	Observational study; 42 community-dwelling older adults living alone; 6 months	Cognitively intact, with the exception of 1 participant (CDRe score ≥0.5, suggesting MCI); average age 81.1 years; 83% female	Individuals with higher cognitive function used more unique terms per search and employed less-common terms in their searches.

^aICT: information and communication technologies.

^bThe number of participants living alone is specified when the information is relevant; for example, for ambient sensors but not for wearables devices.

^cMMSE: Mini Mental State Examination.

^dMCI: mild cognitive impairment.

^eCDR: Clinical Dementia Rating.