FIGURE 4:

Adenosine promotes GC cell metastasis based on PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway activation. (A) NECA-treated MKN45 cells had higher PI3K, AKT, and mTOR expression than vehicle- or NECA + SCH 58261–treated cells. (B) Immunoblotting detection of MMPs, and epithelial, mesenchymal, and stemness markers after treatment with OSI-027 (2 μM). Colony formation (C) and Transwell (D) assays confirmed the decreased invasive capability and stemness of GC cells after OSI-027 treatment. Data are the mean ± SEM, *, P < 0.05, **, P < 0.01, ANOVA. All results are from three independent experiments.