Table 3.

Knowledge gaps in the genetics of AF.

Direction	Knowledge gaps	Suggested studies
Genetic mapping of AF	Total number of genetic variants	•GWAS: Larger, non-European ancestry groups, more specific AF phenotypes •Whole-exome and -genome sequencing
	Biology of AF	• Expand eQTL studies • Network analyses • In vivo and in vitro experiments • Gene–gene interaction • Epigenetics • Transcriptomics • Proteomics • Metabolomics
	Heterogeneity of AF	• Discover new AF clinical risk factors • Validate AF risk models • Genetic classification of AF phenotypes • Investigate gene–environment interaction • PheWAS • Mendelian randomization studies of AF risk factors
AF prediction	Polygenic risk scores	• Improve genetic risk scores for AF, AF subtypes, and AF-related phenotypes
Therapeutic development	Treatment response	• Improve genetic risk scores for AF treatment • Increase cohorts with both genetics and treatment response data • Investigate the underlying biological mechanisms of genetic variants to identify new drug targets
Patient specific management	Individual concerns	• Focus on individualized risk assessment • How to relate to AF genetics and the ethical concept and resulting patient behavior
	Societal concerns	• Cost-effective consequences