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. 2019 Aug;16(3):396–414. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0097

1.

Tissue specific DDR and tumorigenesis

Tissue DNA damaging agents DNA damage Major DDR Common mutations in DDR and repair pathway Tumorigenesis or related diseases
UV, ultraviolet; NER, nucleotide excision repair; XP, xeroderma pigmentosum; CS, Cockayne syndrome; TTD, trichothiodystrophy; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SSB, single strand break; BER, base excision repair; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; AFB1, Aflatoxin B1; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; HR, homologous recombination; NHEJ, non-homologous end joining; MMR, mismatch repair; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IDL, insertion-deletion loop; MSI, microsatellite instability; CRC, colorectal cancer; CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype; CE, catechol estrogen; SQ, semiquinone; Q, quinone; DSB, double strand break; IR, ionizing radiation; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Skin Sunlight (e.g., UV-B, UV-A) Direct DNA photolesions (e.g., (6,4)-photoproducts, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) NER XPA, ERCC3 (XPB), XPC, ERCC2 (XPD), DDB2 (XPE), ERCC4 (XPF), ERCC5 (XPG), POLH (XPV) XP
ERCC8 (CSA), ERCC6 (CSB), XPB, XPD, XPG CS
TTDA, XPB, XPD TTD
XPA, XPC, XPE, XPF Cutaneous neoplasms
ROS (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions) Oxidative lesions, SSBs BER LIG1 Skin maladies
Liver HBV and HCV infection, aflatoxins (e.g., AFB1), ROS, RNS DNA adducts, oxidative lesions, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities HR, NHEJ, NER, BER, MMR p53, XRCC1, OGG1, ATM, MRE11A, RAD50, NBN, PARP1 HCC
Pancreas ROS (e.g., HOCl, O2·, NO), RNS (e.g., NO2·, ONOOCO2) Aromatic DNA adducts, oxidative lesions (e.g., 2-deoxyribose oxidation, nitration and oxidation of dG), SSBs, DSBs BER, HR BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, DNA-PK, CHK1, CHK2, FANCC, FANCG Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer
Colon Replication errors, gut microbiota, inflammation, ROS Mismatches, IDLs, frameshift or missense mutations MMR MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 MSI, CRCs (e.g., Lynch syndrome, CIMP)
Breast and ovary Estrogens and their metabolites (CE-SQs, CE-Qs) Oxidative lesions, depurinating adducts (e.g., 4-OHE-1-N3Ade, 4-OHE-1-N7Gua, 2-OHE-6-N3Ade), DSBs HR BRCA1, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, BARD1, BRIP1, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, NBN, FANCM, MRE11 Breast cancer, ovarian cancer
Hematopoietic system IR exposure, ROS, replication errors DSBs, SSBs HR, NHEJ, BER IDH1, p53, Bcl2, Bcl-Xl, Mcl1, A1, Bax, Noxa, Puma, p21 AML, CLL