Table 3. Partial Spearman correlation coefficients of plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and PUFA ratios at gestational weeks 10–14 with subsequent fasting plasma cardiometabolic biomarkers and indices at gestational weeks 15–26 among non-GDM controls^a.

	Glucose	Insulin	HOMA-IR	C-peptide	hs-CRP	HMW adiponectin	Leptin	Total cholesterol	HDL-C	LDL-C	TGs
n-3 PUFAs
18:3n-3 (ALA)	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	−0.02	0.11	0.04	0.16	0.03	0.16	0.08
20:5n-3 (EPA)	−0.13	−0.19*	−0.20*	−0.11	0.16	0.14	0.04	−0.01	0.01	0.05	−0.25*
22:5n-3 (DPA)	0.12	0.04	0.04	0.02	−0.23*	−0.09	−0.03	0.02	−0.05	0.08	−0.03
22:6n-3 (DHA)	−0.16	0.01	0.03	−0.03	−0.29†	0.19*	−0.08	−0.02	0.07	−0.04	0.01
Total n-3 PUFAs	-0.14	−0.02	0.01	−0.04	−0.30*	0.16	−0.08	−0.02	0.07	−0.03	−0.04
n-6 PUFAs
18:2n-6 (LA)	−0.12	−0.02	−0.02	−0.01	−0.02	0.12	−0.10	0.12	0.06	0.06	0.16
18:3n-6 (GLA)	0.04	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.19	−0.04	−0.05	0.04	−0.07
20:2n-6 (EDA)	0.01	0.06	0.07	0.13	0.10	0.04	0.04	0.16	−0.14	0.20*	0.27‡
20:3n-6 (DGLA)	0.18*	0.19*	0.20*	0.29†	0.16*	−0.04	0.25†	−0.03	−0.18*	0.02	0.13
20:4n-6 (AA)	0.12	−0.01	0.01	−0.02	0.01	−0.11	0.08	−0.21*	0.07	−0.22*	−0.22*
22:4n-6 (DTA)	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02	0.08	0.10	0.09	0.06	−0.02	−0.15*	0.07	−0.15*
22:5n-6 (n6-DPA)	−0.08	−0.08	−0.10	−0.08	0.04	−0.01	−0.01	−0.03	−0.08	0.01	−0.03
Total n-6 PUFAs	−0.04	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.02	−0.01	−0.04	0.09	−0.12	0.06
Fatty acids ratio
Δ6-desaturase, 18:3n-6/18:2n-6	0.06	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.07	−0.02	0.22*	−0.08	−0.07	0.01	−0.10
Δ5-desaturase, 20:4n-6/20:3n-6	−0.11	−0.17*	−0.17*	−0.24*	−0.12	−0.02	−0.18*	−0.05	0.19*	−0.11	−0.18*
DGLA/LA, 20:3n-6/18:2n-6	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.24*	0.15	−0.06	0.26‡	−0.04	−0.17	0.03	0.06

^aAdjusted for age (years), gestational age at blood collection (weeks), parity (nulliparous, multiparous), family history of diabetes (yes, no), and prepregnancy body mass index (<25.0, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, 35.0–44.9 kg/m²).

*P < 0.05 after false-discovery rate correction.

^†P < 0.01 after false-discovery rate correction.

^‡P < 0.001 after false-discovery rate correction.

Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; DTA, docosatetraenoic acid; EDA, eicosadienoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GLA, gamma-linolenic acid; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HMW, high-molecular-weight; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LA, linoleic acid; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TG, triglyceride