TABLE 5.

Overall effect of environmental, face-to-face, e-interventions, and combined modes of interventions of studies identified from reviews targeting dietary, physical activity, and weight-related outcomes in university students

	Sum of improved outcomes out of the sum of outcomes reported (%)1
	Environmental interventions			Face-to-face interventions					E-interventions			Combined modes of interventions
Outcomes	All environmental interventions	Information through labeling and other signage	Increasing availability/ control portion size/price incentives	All face-to-face interventions	In-class	Tailored	Peer-training	Mixed/other	All e-interventions	Delivered through the World Wide Web	Using technology	All combined interventions
Food sales	32 of 61 (52.5)	24 of 52 (46.2)	8 of 9 (88.9)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Dietary intakes	22 of 47 (46.8)	16 of 36 (44.4)	6 of 11 (54.5)	28 of 65 (43.1)	23 of 42 (54.8)	1 of 12 (8.3)	1 of 7 (14.3)	3 of 4 (75.0)	8 of 24 (33.3)	7 of 20 (35.0)	1 of 4 (25.0)	3 of 4 (75.0)
Cognitive variables toward dietary behavior	2 of 2 (100)	2 of 2 (100)	—	15 of 18 (83.3)	11 of 11 (100)	—	1 of 4 (25)	3 of 3 (100)	11 of 16 (68.8)	11 of 14 (78.6)	0 of 2 (0.0)	1 of 2 (50.0)
Physical activity behavior	—	—	—	22 of 69 (31.9)	12 of 35 (34.3)	6 of 17 (35.3)	0 of 4 (0.0)	4 of 13 (30.8)	10 of 43 (23.3)	6 of 30 (20.0)	4 of 13 (30.8)	—
Cognitive variables toward activity behavior	—	—	—	2 of 14 (14.3)	0 of 5 (0.0)	—	1 of 7 (14.3)	1 of 2 (50.0)	13 of 45 (28.9)	10 of 41 (24.4)	3 of 4 (75.0)	—
Weight-related outcomes	1 of 1 (100)	1 of 1 (100)	—	11 of 18 (61.1)	6 of 8 (75.0)	4 of 6 (66.7)	0 of 2 (0.0)	1 of 2 (50.0)	4 of 13 (30.1)	4 of 7 (57.1)	0 of 6 (0.0)	0 of 1 (0.0)

¹The sum of improved outcomes suggesting a positive effect out of the sum of all outcomes.