Table 2.
Association of baseline e-cigarette vaping and covariates with current smoking relapse at follow-up, by baseline duration of smoking abstinencea.
| Baseline regressor | Relapse at follow-up in those who quit smoking within the prior 12 months at baseline (n=884) |
Relapse at follow-up in those who quit smoking longer than 12 months ago at baseline (n=3210) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence % (95% CI)b |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)d |
Prevalence % (95% CI)b |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)d |
|
| E-cigarette vaping | ||||||
| Never Use | 31.6 (23.9 to 40.5) | Reference | Reference | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Prior Use | 39.0 (33.8 to 44.4) | 1.38 (0.83 to 2.30) | 1.34 (0.78 to 2.29) | 10.4 (8.2 to 13.2) | 6.36 (4.49 to 9.00) | 2.00 (1.25 to 3.20) |
| Current Occasional Use | 51.6 (36.2 to 66.7) | 2.31 (1.17 to 4.54) | 1.92 (0.84 to 4.40) | 9.6 (3.5 to 23.5) | 5.79 (1.50 to 22.33) | 1.56 (0.34 to 7.14) |
| Current Regular Use | 31.9 (25.8 to 38.7) | 1.02 (0.66 to 1.57) | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.75) | 15.0 (8.8 to 24.6) | 9.68 (4.74 to 19.75) | 3.77 (1.48 to 9.65) |
| Categorical covariates | ||||||
| Use quit smoking pharmacotherapye | ||||||
| No | 35.4 (31.2 to 39.8) | Reference | Reference | – | – | – |
| Yes | 33.6 (25.6 to 42.7) | 0.93 (0.60 to 1.43) | 0.87 (0.54 to 1.40) | – | – | – |
| Obtained social support to assist quittingf | ||||||
| No | 34.9 (30.0 to 40.1) | Reference | Reference | – | – | – |
| Yes | 36.5 (30.0 to 43.5) | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.58) | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.47) | – | – | – |
| Tobacco cessation counselingg | ||||||
| No | 35.1 (31.1 to 39.4) | Reference | Reference | – | – | – |
| Yes | 37.9 (20.8 to 58.8) | 1.13 (0.44 to 2.92) | 1.46 (0.62 to 3.41) | – | – | – |
| Current regular use of other tobacco productsh | ||||||
| No | 34.0 (29.8 to 38.6) | Reference | Reference | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 46.2 (36.9 to 55.8) | 1.66 (1.07 to 2.59) | 1.44 (0.90 to 2.31) | 8.3 (6.2 to 11.0) | 4.00 (2.75 to 5.82) | 2.44 (1.51 to 3.95) |
| Continuous covariates | ||||||
| Time since quit smoking (months/years)i | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92) | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92) | 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92) | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.96) | ||
| Years of regular smoking | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) | ||
| Cigarettes smoked per day while smoking | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | ||
| WISDM tobacco dependence scorej | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.51) | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.47) | – | – | ||
| Demographic covariates | ||||||
| Age: | ||||||
| 18–24 | 45.2 (39.1 to 51.5) | Reference | Reference | 15.7 (10.2 to 23.4) | Reference | Reference |
| 25–34 | 32.5 (27.0 to 38.6) | 0.58 (0.42 to 0.82) | 0.59 (0.38 to 0.92) | 8.3 (5.7 to 11.9) | 0.48 (0.25 to 0.95) | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.49) |
| 35–44 | 38.6 (29.5 to 48.7) | 0.76 (0.46 to 1.25) | 0.92 (0.49 to 1.72) | 4.6 (3.0 to 7.1) | 0.26 (0.13 to 0.52) | 0.67 (0.33 to 1.38) |
| 45–54 | 30.9 (19.6 to 45.3) | 0.55 (0.27 to 1.11) | 0.68 (0.26 to 1.80) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.2) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.22) | 0.39 (0.14 to 1.09) |
| 55–64 | 21.5 (12.8 to 33.7) | 0.33 (0.16 to 0.68) | 0.36 (0.13 to 1.01) | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.3) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.24) | 0.71 (0.26 to 1.95) |
| 65 + | 48.6 (31.2 to 66.3) | 1.15 (0.49 to 2.66) | 1.40 (0.34 to 5.81) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.44 (0.09 to 2.06) |
| Sex: | ||||||
| Male | 33.8 (28.4 to 39.6) | Reference | Reference | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 36.4 (30.2 to 43.2) | 1.13 (0.75 to 1.69) | 1.30 (0.84 to 2.02) | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.3) | 0.84 (0.52 to 1.36) | 0.96 (0.58 to 1.60) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 34.3 (29.3 to 39.6) | Reference | Reference | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 41.7 (29.2 to 55.4) | 1.37 (0.74 to 2.56) | 1.10 (0.52 to 2.31) | 6.2 (3.4 to 11.2) | 3.01 (1.47 to 6.18) | 2.65 (1.21 to 5.8.0) |
| Hispanic | 36.9 (26.4 to 48.8) | 1.12 (0.63 to 1.99) | 0.91 (0.48 to 1.72) | 4.8 (2.6 to 8.7) | 2.32 (1.15 to 4.68) | 1.66 (0.68 to 4.03) |
| Other | 34.9 (21.5 to 51.2) | 1.03 (0.47 to 2.23) | 1.12 (0.47 to 2.71) | 2.3 (1.0 to 5.4) | 1.09 (0.53 to 2.25) | 0.68 (0.30 to 1.57) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 47.0 (33.0 to 61.5) | Reference | Reference | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.0) | Reference | Reference |
| High school graduate | 34.8 (27.0 to 43.4) | 0.59 (0.28 to 1.27) | 0.65 (0.30 to 1.43) | 2.4 (1.5 to 3.8) | 0.77 (0.33 to 1.78) | 0.82 (0.31 to 2.19) |
| Some College | 32.2 (26.5 to 38.5) | 0.53 (0.26 to 1.06) | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.22) | 3.0 (2.1 to 4.3) | 0.99 (0.43 to 2.29) | 0.81 (0.28 to 2.32) |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 35.0 (25.3 to 46.1) | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.40) | 0.84 (0.32 to 2.19) | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.4) | 0.76 (0.34 to 1.67) | 0.90 (0.29 to 2.77) |
| Household income | ||||||
| Below poverty line | 37.3 (29.8 to 45.5) | Reference | Reference | 3.8 (2.3 to 6.0) | Reference | Reference |
| 100%−200% poverty line | 40.3 (31.5 to 49.7) | 1.13 (0.66 to 1.94) | 1.43 (0.83 to 2.46) | 3.4 (2.2 to 5.1) | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.61) | 1.22 (0.63 to 2.34) |
| > 200% poverty line | 31.1 (24.6 to 38.3) | 0.76 (0.47 to 1.21) | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.47) | 2.3 (1.7 to 3.1) | 0.61 (0.37 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.46 to 2.20) |
| Unknown | 37.6 (24.7 to 52.5) | 1.03 (0.50 to 2.10) | 1.00 (0.47 to 2.12) | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.0) | 0.43 (0.19 to 0.96) | 0.87 (0.35 to 2.20) |
| Health insurance: | ||||||
| Yes | 33.7 (29.1 to 38.6) | Reference | Reference | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.2) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 39.9 (29.8 to 50.9) | 1.30 (0.77 to 2.22) | 1.33 (0.74 to 2.40) | 4.1 (2.3 to 7.0) | 1.63 (0.91 to 2.93) | 0.63 (0.31 to 1.28) |
| Region of residence | ||||||
| Northeast | 32.2 (20.3 to 47.1) | Reference | Reference | 2.4 (1.4 to 4.3) | Reference | Reference |
| South | 32.6 (27.1 to 38.8) | 1.03 (0.50 to 2.10) | 1.05 (0.47 to 2.33) | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.8) | 1.01 (0.46 to 2.19) | 0.89 (0.40 to 1.97) |
| Midwest | 39.4 (33.1 to 46.2) | 1.37 (0.67 to 2.81) | 1.45 (0.67 to 3.14) | 3.0 (2.1 to 4.2) | 1.22 (0.62 to 2.38) | 0.93 (0.44 to 2.00) |
| West | 32.9 (25.3 to 41.6) | 1.03 (0.49 to 2.20) | 0.99 (0.43 to 2.26) | 2.4 (1.6 to 3.7) | 1.00 (0.46 to 2.15) | 0.76 (0.33 to 1.78) |
Abbreviations: WISDM, Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives; –, not available in long-term quitters in PATH survey. Statistically significant confidence intervals of OR and AOR are in bold.
Estimates weighted to reflect the sociodemographic population in the 2010 Census.
Estimate of association in univariable logistic regression model.
Estimate of association in multivariable logistic regression model involving each variable listed in the table as simultaneous regressors as well as adjustment for sociodemographic covariates, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, household income, health insurance, and region (estimates for sociodemographic covariates can be found in Supplementary Table 4).
Used a nicotine patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge, or other pharmacotherapy when last tried to quit smoking/using tobacco product(s) in past 12 months.
Relied on support of friends and family to help when last tried to quit smoking /using tobacco product(s) in past 12 months.
Used counseling, telephone help line, books, pamphlets, videos, quit tobacco clinic, class, support group or web-based program to help when last tried to quit smoking/using tobacco product(s) in past 12 months.
Current regular use of traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, pipe, hookah, smokeless tobacco, snus, or dissolvable tobacco.
Expressed in months for recent quitters and years for long-term quitters.
WISDM primary dependence score, rescaled (M = 0, SD = 1) and standardized to the analytic subsample of recent-quitters. Based on sum of responses to 8 items of automaticity, craving, loss of control, and tolerance-related expressions of tobacco dependence.