Table 4.
Adjusted* associations for a 10-fold increase in of total OP pesticide use within a 1-km radius of maternal residence during pregnancy and fNIRS brain activation by task and region of interest for cognitive flexibility and working memory tasks among participants with fNIRS data in the CHAM2 study, enrolled 2009 in Salinas Valley, California
| Region (localization cluster) | Wisconsin Card Sort (cognitive flexibility) | Sternberg (letter-retrieval working memory) | N-back (visuospatial working memory) | |||||||||
| n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | ||||
| Left hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (1) | 91 | −4.74 | (−8.18, −1.31)† | 0.09 | 87 | −0.59 | (−3.43, 2.26) | <0.01 | 93 | −2.27 | (−4.82, 0.28) | 0.04 |
| Superior frontal pole (2) | 89 | −1.79 | (−4.91, 1.32) | 0.02 | 80 | 2.28 | (−0.71, 5.27) | 0.03 | 86 | −1.62 | (−3.97, 0.74) | 0.03 |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (3) | 90 | −2.98 | (−6.81, 0.86) | 0.03 | 85 | 1.58 | (−0.94, 4.09) | 0.02 | 90 | −0.03 | (−3.14, 3.09) | <0.01 |
| Dorsolateral PFC (4) | 90 | −2.17 | (−5.70, 1.35) | 0.02 | 85 | 2.34 | (−0.38, 5.05) | 0.04 | 88 | −1.49 | (−4.06, 1.07) | 0.02 |
| Broca’s/BA 44 and 6 (5) | 92 | −3.48 | (−7.34, 0.39) | 0.04 | 88 | 0.97 | (−1.69, 3.64) | <0.01 | 92 | 0.34 | (−2.98, 3.66) | <0.01 |
| Superior/inferior temporal /postcentral gyrus (6) | 92 | −2.54 | (−6.22, 1.14) | 0.02 | 88 | 1.18 | (−0.83, 3.19) | 0.02 | 93 | −1.11 | (−4.42, 2.19) | <0.01 |
| Inferior parietal lobule (7) | 92 | −1.81 | (−4.65, 1.02) | 0.02 | 88 | 2.07 | (−0.95, 5.10) | 0.02 | 91 | 1.55 | (−0.71, 3.82) | 0.02 |
| Superior parietal lobule (8) | 87 | −0.51 | (−3.49, 2.46) | <0.01 | 81 | 4.00 | (0.90, 7.10)† | 0.09 | 86 | 0.57 | (−1.43, 2.57) | <0.01 |
| Right hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (9) | 92 | −4.40 | (−7.96, −0.84)† | 0.07 | 87 | 0.81 | (−2.33, 3.94) | <0.01 | 93 | −2.78 | (−5.58, 0.02) | 0.05 |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (10) | 91 | −2.93 | (−6.86, 0.99) | 0.03 | 84 | 0.44 | (−2.22, 3.10) | <0.01 | 93 | −0.23 | (−3.26, 2.80) | <0.01 |
| Superior frontal pole/dorsolateral PFC (11) | 90 | −1.27 | (−4.42, 1.88) | <0.01 | 82 | −0.20 | (−3.22, 2.81) | <0.01 | 92 | −0.67 | (−3.10, 1.75) | <0.01 |
| Premotor/somatosensory cortex (12) | 92 | −2.39 | (−5.94, 1.17) | 0.02 | 87 | 1.04 | (−1.79, 3.86) | <0.01 | 94 | −1.26 | (−3.92, 1.40) | 0.01 |
| Posterior superior/middle temporal sulcus (13) | 92 | −2.78 | (−6.16, 0.61) | 0.03 | 88 | 2.21 | (0.03, 4.38)† | 0.05 | 93 | 0.12 | (−2.24, 2.48) | <0.01 |
| Inferior parietal lobule (14) | 90 | −1.47 | (−4.07, 1.13) | 0.02 | 87 | 1.13 | (−1.76, 4.03) | <0.01 | 93 | 0.07 | (−2.37, 2.51) | <0.01 |
| Superior parietal lobule (15) | 85 | −0.01 | (−2.87, 2.85) | <0.01 | 73 | 2.38 | (−1.29, 6.04) | 0.03 | 84 | −0.99 | (−3.37, 1.40) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann areas, PFC = prefrontal cortex.
*
Adjusted for age of child at assessment (continuous variable), child’s sex, maternal age at delivery (continuous), maternal education at delivery (<sixth grade, 7th to 12th grade, completed high school), and quality of the home environment at the 10.5-y visit (continuous HOME z-score).
†
Non-FDR-corrected P < 0.05.