Table 5.
Adjusted* associations for a 10-fold increase in total OP pesticide use within a 1-km radius of maternal residence during pregnancy and fNIRS brain activation by task and region of interest for attention/impulse control, semantic language, and social cognition tasks among participants with fNIRS data in the CHAM2 study, enrolled 2009 in Salinas Valley, California
| Go/No-Go (attention/impulsivity) | Pyramids and Palm Trees (semantic language) | Dynamic Social Gestures (social cognition) | ||||||||||
| Region (localization cluster) | n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | n | β (95% CI)* | f2 | |||
| Left hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (1) | 94 | −1.29 | (−3.54, 0.97) | 0.02 | 93 | 0.33 | (−1.97, 2.62) | <0.01 | 91 | −0.40 | (−1.69, 0.89) | <0.01 |
| Superior frontal pole (2) | 83 | −0.61 | (−2.88, 1.66) | <0.01 | 90 | −1.17 | (−3.43, 1.08) | 0.01 | 90 | −1.25 | (−2.54, 0.05) | 0.05 |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (3) | 92 | 0.18 | (−2.25, 2.61) | <0.01 | 91 | 0.40 | (−1.93, 2.72) | <0.01 | 92 | 0.80 | (−0.50, 2.10) | 0.02 |
| Dorsolateral PFC (4) | 92 | −0.77 | (−2.80, 1.26) | <0.01 | 90 | −0.34 | (−2.35, 1.66) | <0.01 | 92 | −0.12 | (−1.34, 1.11) | <0.01 |
| Broca’s/BA 44 and 6 (5) | 93 | −0.08 | (−2.55, 2.38) | <0.01 | 94 | 0.38 | (−1.81, 2.57) | 0.01 | 94 | 0.39 | (−0.80, 1.58) | <0.01 |
| Superior/inferior temporal /postcentral gyrus (6) | 94 | −1.11 | (−3.36, 1.15) | 0.01 | 93 | 1.26 | (−1.09, 3.61) | <0.01 | 93 | 0.66 | (−0.67, 2.00) | 0.01 |
| Inferior parietal lobule (7) | 92 | −0.49 | (−2.40, 1.42) | <0.01 | 92 | −0.36 | (−2.17, 1.46) | <0.01 | 94 | −0.83 | (−2.07, 0.42) | 0.02 |
| Superior parietal lobule (8) | 85 | 0.09 | (−1.96, 2.14) | <0.01 | 83 | −1.04 | (−2.68, 0.60) | 0.02 | 84 | −1.08 | (−2.24, 0.08) | 0.05 |
| Right hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (9) | 93 | −0.75 | (−2.91, 1.40) | <0.01 | 94 | 0.35 | (−1.80, 2.50) | <0.01 | 93 | 0.33 | (−0.88, 1.54) | <0.01 |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (10) | 92 | −0.80 | (−3.13, 1.52) | <0.01 | 91 | 0.48 | (−1.99, 2.96) | <0.01 | 91 | 0.95 | (−0.43, 2.32) | 0.02 |
| Superior frontal pole /dorsolateral PFC (11) | 93 | −1.50 | (−3.59, 0.59) | 0.02 | 92 | −1.12 | (−3.05, 0.81) | 0.02 | 84 | −1.00 | (−2.21, 0.22) | 0.04 |
| Premotor/somatosensory cortex (12) | 93 | −0.86 | (−2.92, 1.21) | <0.01 | 94 | 0.35 | (−1.86, 2.56) | <0.01 | 94 | −0.09 | (−1.36, 1.19) | <0.01 |
| Posterior superior/middle temporal sulcus (13) | 94 | −0.16 | (−2.30, 1.98) | <0.01 | 94 | −0.31 | (−2.44, 1.81) | <0.01 | 94 | −0.04 | (−1.28, 1.20) | <0.01 |
| Inferior parietal lobule (14) | 93 | −1.44 | (−3.53, 0.66) | 0.02 | 93 | −1.18 | (−3.02, 0.67) | 0.02 | 94 | −1.00 | (−2.19, 0.18) | 0.03 |
| Superior parietal lobule (15) | 85 | 0.21 | (−1.77, 2.19) | <0.01 | 85 | −1.36 | (−2.99, 0.27) | 0.04 | 87 | −1.50 | (−2.56, −0.44)† | 0.10 |
Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann Areas, PFC = prefrontal cortex.
*
Adjusted for age of child at assessment (continuous variable), child’s sex, maternal age at delivery (continuous), maternal education at delivery (<sixth grade, 7th to 12th grade, completed high school), and quality of the home environment at the 10.5-y visit (continuous HOME z-score).
†
Non-FDR-corrected P < 0.05.