Table 6.
Adjusted* associations for a 10-fold increase in total OP pesticide use within a 1-km radius of maternal residence during pregnancy and fNIRS brain activation during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, stratified by test performance (dichotomized at the median for perseverative errors [median = 2] and total errors [median = 24]), by region of interest for participants with fNIRS data in the CHAM2 study, enrolled 2009 in Salinas Valley, California
| Total errors | Perseverative errors | |||||||||||
| High performers | Low performers | High performers | Low performers | |||||||||
| Region (localization cluster) | n | β (95% CI)* | n | β (95% CI)* | n | β (95% CI)* | n | β (95% CI)* | ||||
| Left hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (1) | 46 | −10.84 | (−16.01, −5.66)†, ‡ | 45 | −1.35 | (−6.26, 3.55) | 40 | −8.57 | (−14.85, −2.29)†, ‡ | 51 | −2.01 | (−6.07, 2.05) |
| Superior frontal pole (2) | 44 | −6.90 | (−11.95, −1.84)†, ‡ | 45 | 0.51 | (−3.46, 4.48) | 38 | −3.78 | (−9.26, 1.69) | 51 | 0.61 | (−2.95, 4.17) |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (3) | 45 | −9.06 | (−14.56, −3.57)†, ‡ | 45 | 2.49 | (−3.24, 8.23) | 39 | −8.63 | (−14.96, −2.31)†, ‡ | 51 | 1.74 | (−3.17, 6.64) |
| Dorsolateral PFC (4) | 46 | −6.84 | (−12.76, −0.91)†, ‡ | 44 | 1.16 | (−3.55, 5.88) | 40 | −4.90 | (−11.59, 1.78) | 50 | 0.79 | (−3.24, 4.82) |
| Broca’s/BA 44 and 6 (5) | 46 | −9.97 | (−15.49, −4.45)†, ‡ | 46 | 2.55 | (−3.24, 8.34) | 40 | −10.98 | (−17.41, −4.55)†, ‡ | 52 | 2.37 | (−2.28, 7.03) |
| Superior/inferior temporal /postcentral gyrus (6) | 46 | −8.76 | (−13.76, −3.75)†, ‡ | 46 | 2.58 | (−3.17, 8.33) | 40 | −8.76 | (−14.28, −3.24)†, ‡ | 52 | 2.52 | (−2.17, 7.21) |
| Inferior parietal lobule (7) | 46 | −4.52 | (−8.78, −0.26)†, ‡ | 46 | 0.07 | (−4.15, 4.30) | 40 | −2.37 | (−7.44, 2.71) | 52 | −0.78 | (−4.29, 2.72) |
| Superior parietal lobule (8) | 46 | −1.83 | (−6.60, 2.95) | 41 | −0.77 | (−5.25, 3.72) | 40 | −1.37 | (−6.62, 3.87) | 47 | 0.46 | (−3.41, 4.33) |
| Right hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Inferior frontal pole (9) | 46 | −9.83 | (−14.77, −4.89)†, ‡ | 46 | −1.23 | (−6.86, 4.39) | 40 | −7.44 | (−13.41, −1.48)†, ‡ | 52 | −1.92 | (−6.31, 2.48) |
| Broca’s/BA 44/45 (10) | 45 | −8.26 | (−14.10, −2.43)†, ‡ | 46 | 1.39 | (−4.42, 7.20) | 40 | −7.07 | (−13.48, −0.65) | 51 | 0.21 | (−4.54, 4.97) |
| Superior frontal pole /dorsolateral PFC (11) | 45 | −6.08 | (−10.90, −1.26)†, ‡ | 45 | 0.88 | (−3.37, 5.13) | 40 | −2.67 | (−8.25, 2.92) | 50 | 0.04 | (−3.56, 3.65) |
| Premotor/somatosensory cortex (12) | 46 | −7.97 | (−13.63, −2.31)†, ‡ | 46 | 2.09 | (−2.96, 7.14) | 40 | −4.27 | (−10.20, 1.65) | 52 | 0.17 | (−4.21, 4.55) |
| Posterior superior/middle temporal sulcus (13) | 46 | −8.99 | (−13.79, −4.19)†, ‡ | 46 | 1.73 | (−3.21, 6.66) | 40 | −7.99 | (−13.34, −2.65)†, ‡ | 52 | 1.66 | (−2.11, 5.43) |
| Inferior parietal lobule (14) | 45 | −4.96 | (−8.80, −1.12)†, ‡ | 45 | 1.77 | (−2.06, 5.60) | 39 | −2.22 | (−6.40, 1.95) | 51 | 0.18 | (−3.26, 3.61) |
| Superior parietal lobule (15) | 42 | −2.74 | (−7.51, 2.04) | 43 | 0.60 | (−3.31, 4.50) | 38 | −0.57 | (−6.02, 4.89) | 47 | 0.58 | (−2.98, 4.14) |
Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann Areas, PFC = prefrontal cortex.
Adjusted for age of child at assessment (continuous variable), child’s sex, maternal age at delivery (continuous), maternal education at delivery (<sixth grade, 7th to 12th grade, completed high school), and quality of the home environment at the 10.5-y visit (continuous HOME z-score).
Non-FDR-corrected P < 0.05.
FDR-corrected P < 0.05.